Blades and systems with forward blowing slots

ABSTRACT

A blade for use in a wind turbine comprises a pressure side and suction side meeting at a trailing edge and leading edge. The pressure side and suction side provide lift to the turbine blade upon the flow of air from the leading edge to the trailing edge and over the pressure side and suction side. The blade includes one or more openings at the suction side, in some cases between the leading edge and the trailing edge. The one or more openings are configured to provide a pressurized fluid towards the leading edge of the blade, in some cases at an angle between about 0° and 70° with respect to an axis oriented from a centerline of the blade toward the leading edge.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a continuation and claims the priority benefit of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 14/853,817 filed Sep. 14, 2015, now U.S. patentSer. No. 10/024,300, which is a continuation and claims the prioritybenefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/400,014 filed Feb. 17,2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,133,819, which claims priority benefit to U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 61/509,060, filed Jul. 18, 2011, U.S.Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/548,186, filed Oct. 17, 2011,and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/589,237, filed Jan.20, 2012, the entirety of which are incorporated herein by reference.

STATEMENT AS TO FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH

This invention was made with Government support under DE-AR0000022awarded by the United States Department of Energy. The Government hascertain rights in the invention.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

An airfoil (or aerofoil) is the cross-sectional shape of a wing or bladeor sail. An airfoil-shaped body that is moved through a fluid mayproduce an aerodynamic force. The component of this force perpendicularto the direction of motion may be called lift. The component of thisforce parallel to the direction of motion may be called drag.

A turbine is a rotary engine that may extract energy from a fluid flowand convert it into work. Turbines may have one or more moving parts,including a rotary assembly, which is a shaft or drum with blades.

A wind turbine (or wind generator) is a device that may convert kineticenergy from wind or other moving fluid into mechanical energy, which maysubsequently be used to generate electricity.

SUMMARY OF THE CLAIMED INVENTION

There are blades and wind turbines available in the art for generatingpower from wind. However, a limitation of such blades and wind turbinesis that, in at least some cases, the energy, resources and cost formanufacturing such blades makes them impractical for commercial use. Inparticular, in certain cases the costs for manufacturing wind turbinesexceeds any cost benefit that may be realized from their use. While thereduction of air pollution and the reduction of green house gases is ahuge benefit, if the cost of manufacturing blades is not reduced, other,more convention sources of energy, such as fossil fuel combustion, maybe more preferable. Aside from various manufacturing issues, at leastsome current wind turbines are mechanically complex and require routinemaintenance and repair. In particular, certain wind turbines requirecomplex braking systems for regulating the speed at which the bladesspeed in response to wind speeds. Such braking systems are expensive tomanufacture and maintain.

In view of the various limitations associated with current turbineblades and system, recognized herein is the need for systems and methodsfor reducing the resources required for (and thus the cost of)manufacturing wind turbines. There is also the need for more efficientand mechanically simpler wind turbines, which can advantageously providefor improved wind turbine output and reduced operating and maintenancecosts and expenses.

Some embodiments describe blades (e.g., turbine blades) that aremechanically simple, highly efficient, structurally strong, costeffective, and controllable for effectively extracting energy from aflowing fluid, such as ambient wind. In some cases, this is accomplishedby augmenting or controlling the aerodynamics of turbine blades with theuse of pneumatic blowing out of the blades, which may generate forcesand extract energy even at substantially low wind velocities.Concurrently, blown blade airfoils are structurally strong and the lift,drag and torque produced by such blades may be made relativelyindependent of the local relative wind angle, thus eliminating thecomplex problems of blade pitch and pitch control mechanisms. Devicesprovided herein may achieve, among other things, substantially high lifton specialized blown blades; drag increase (braking) or reduction(efficiency) as required; control of the aerodynamic moments on theseblades; prevention of flow separation on these blades (except when flowseparation would be desirable, such as for braking); and the ability toperform all of these capabilities without any physical change in thelocal blade angle of attack to the oncoming flow. These capabilitiesallow energy extraction from the ambient wind over a wider range of windspeeds and local wind stream angles of attack on the blades. This willbe achieved, for example, with one blowing slot or a plurality oftangential blowing slots located on either end of the individual bladeairfoil (leading edge or training edge), and on either side of theairfoil (pressure or suction side). In addition to very high lift andreduced drag, thus high aerodynamic lift/drag ratios and efficiency,these characteristics may be varied by the adjustment of only the bladeblowing rates or blowing pressures at these slots.

Blades, systems and methods provided herein can reduce, if noteliminate, the need for blade twist; blade chord change or localplanform area variation (taper); blade camber; and blade variableairfoil geometry, all of which would typically change along the bladespan to account for different local wind speeds and wind angles at thevarious blade radial locations. In some situations, variations in thetypes of blown airfoils are provided to account for various localconditions.

Pneumatic blades configured to generate aerodynamic lift independent ofmechanical angle of attack change are described herein. In some cases,blades are configured for use with wind turbines. In other cases, bladesare configured for use with helicopters, airplanes, automobiles andother devices or structures where aerodynamic lift is used. Thesepneumatic blades may also be used to generate negative lift (i.e.,downward lift from the pressure side of the blade section) so as toproduce aerodynamic braking. In some embodiments, pneumatics change theaerodynamics of the blade section characteristics without mechanicalblade pitch change, which enables variations of turbine bladeaerodynamic characteristics along the rotor blade without any mechanicalblade pitch change.

In an aspect of the invention, a blade for use in a wind turbinecomprises a pressure side and suction side meeting at a trailing edgeand leading edge, the pressure side having a pressure side surface andthe suction side having a suction side surface, the pressure sidesurface and suction side surface for providing lift to the blade uponthe flow of air from the leading edge to the trailing edge and over thepressure side and suction side surfaces; and one or more openings at thesuction side, the one or more openings configured to provide apressurized fluid towards the leading edge of the blade at an anglebetween about 0° and 70° with respect to an axis oriented from acenterline of the blade toward the leading edge—i.e., an axis runningfrom the trailing edge to the leading edge, with an angle of 0 degreesfrom this axis representing a direction towards the leading edge, anangle of 90 degrees representing an angle perpendicular to the blade,and an angle of 180 degrees representing a direction towards thetrailing edge. In an embodiment, the one or more openings are configuredto provide the pressurized fluid at an angle between about 0° and 45°with respect to the axis. In another embodiment, the one or moreopenings are directed at an angle between about 0° and 25°. In anotherembodiment, the one or more forward blowing slots are disposed at oradjacent to a midline of the blade. In another embodiment, the one ormore forward blowing slots are disposed at or adjacent to the leadingedge of the blade. In another embodiment, the one or more forwardsblowing slots are disposed between the leading edge and the trailingedge. In another embodiment, the one or more forwards blowing slots aredisposed at or adjacent to the trailing edge.

In another aspect of the invention, a blade for use in a wind turbinecomprises a pressure side and suction side meeting at a trailing edgeand leading edge, the pressure side having a pressure side surface andthe suction side having a suction side surface, the pressure sidesurface and suction side surface for providing lift to the blade uponthe flow of air from the leading edge to the trailing edge and over thepressure side and suction side surfaces; and one or more forward blowingslots on the suction side, the one or more forward blowing slots foradjusting the lift and drag of the blade. In an embodiment, the one ormore forward blowing slots are depressed in surface of the suction side.In another embodiment, the one or more forward blowing slots are at orabove a surface of the suction side. In another embodiment, the bladecomprises two or more forward blowing slots. In another embodiment, theblade comprises three or more forward blowing slots. In anotherembodiment, the blade comprises four or more forward blowing slots. Inanother embodiment, the blade comprises five or more forward blowingslots. In another embodiment, the blade comprises ten or more forwardblowing slots. In another embodiment, the one or more forward blowingslots are disposed at or adjacent to the trailing edge. In anotherembodiment, the one or more forward blowing slots are disposed at oradjacent to a midline of the blade. In another embodiment, the one ormore forward blowing slots are disposed at or adjacent to the leadingedge. In another embodiment, the one or more forward blowing slots aredisposed between the leading edge and the trailing edge.

In another aspect of the invention, a blade for use in a wind turbinecomprises a pressure side and suction side meeting at a trailing edgeand leading edge, the pressure side having a pressure side surface andthe suction side having a suction side surface, the pressure sidesurface and suction side surface for providing lift to the blade uponthe flow of air from the leading edge to the trailing edge and over thepressure side and suction side surfaces; and one or more openings at thesuction side and between the leading edge and trailing edge, the one ormore openings configured to provide a pressurized fluid over the suctionside and towards the leading edge of the blade, the one or more openingsfor causing flow separation over the blade. In an embodiment, the one ormore openings are located in aft third of an airfoil of the blade. Inanother embodiment, the one or more openings are located in a mid thirdof an airfoil of the blade. In another embodiment, the one or moreopenings are located in a front third of an airfoil of the blade.

In another aspect of the invention, a blade for use in a wind turbinecomprises (a) a pressure side and suction side meeting at a trailingedge and leading edge, the pressure side having a pressure side surfaceand the suction side having a suction side surface, the pressure sidesurface and suction side surface for providing lift to the blade uponthe flow of air from the leading edge to the trailing edge and over thepressure side and suction side surfaces; and (b) one or more forwardblowing slots on the suction side, the one or more forward blowing slotsfor decreasing lift and increasing drag for load, power and safetycontrol. In an embodiment, the forward blowing slots are located in aftthird of an airfoil of the blade. In another embodiment, the forwardblowing slots are located in a mid third of an airfoil of the blade. Inanother embodiment, the forward blowing slots are located in a frontthird of an airfoil of the blade for maximum effect in rotor stopping.

In another aspect of the invention, a blade for use in a wind turbinecomprises a pressure side and suction side meeting at a trailing edgeand leading edge, the pressure side having a pressure side surface andthe suction side having a suction side surface, the pressure sidesurface and suction side surface for providing lift to the blade uponthe flow of air from the leading edge to the trailing edge and over thepressure side and suction side surfaces; a forward blowing slot on thesuction side, the forward blowing slot for providing a pressurized fluidtowards a leading edge of the blade during operation of the windturbine, the forward blowing slot in fluid communication with one ormore cavities within the blade for communicating the pressurized fluidto the forward blowing slot; and a backflow valve located in a fluidflow path between the one or more cavities and the forward blowing slot,the backflow valve for regulating the flow of a centrifugally inducedfluid from a location external to the blade and into the one or morecavities. In an embodiment, the backflow valve comprises a valve cardoriented along a spanwise direction of the blade. In another embodiment,the backflow valve comprises a forward facing contoured external closureflap covering an exit of the forward blowing slot. In anotherembodiment, the blade further comprises a plurality of pivoting louversthat follow airfoil contour and prevent backflow. In another embodiment,the backflow valve is a one way flap valve preventing backflow. Inanother embodiment, the backflow valve is a pivoting plate valve forpreventing backflow. In another embodiment, the backflow valve comprisesanother pivoting plate valve for preventing backflow.

In another aspect of the invention, a method for controlling a windturbine comprises providing a blade operatively coupled to a rotor hub(also “hub” herein) of the wind turbine, the blade comprising: (a) apressure side and suction side meeting at a trailing edge and leadingedge, the pressure side having a pressure side surface and the suctionside having a suction side surface, the pressure side surface andsuction side surface for providing lift to the blade upon the flow ofair from the leading edge to the trailing edge and over the pressureside and suction side surfaces; and (b) one or more forward blowingslots located on the suction side of the blade for providing apressurized fluid towards a leading edge of the blade during operationof the wind turbine, the one or more forward blowing slots in fluidcommunication with one or more cavities in the blade for communicating apressurized fluid to the one or more forward blowing slots. The methodfurther comprises providing a pressurized fluid, and directing thepressurized fluid to the one or more cavities. The pressurized fluid isthen directed from the one or more cavities to the one or more forwardblowing slots, thereby controlling the wind turbine. In an embodiment,controlling the wind turbine comprises decreasing lift and increasingdrag for load, power and safety control. In another embodiment,controlling the wind turbine comprises causing separation of flow overairfoils of the blade. In another embodiment, the wind turbine iscontrolled without blade pitch. In another embodiment, the wind turbineis controlled with a combination of mechanical blade pitching andforwards blowing slots. In another embodiment, the one or more forwardblowing slots include a plurality of forward blowing slots. In anotherembodiment, controlling the wind turbine comprises separatelycontrolling additional rotor stop ducting and forwards blowing slots ina forwards part of an airfoil of the blade. In another embodiment, thepressurized fluid is directed from the one or more cavities to the oneor more forward blowing slots to stop a rotor of the wind turbine withcentrifugal pumping from within the blade. In another embodiment, themethod further comprises regulating backflow into the one or morecavities by balancing an air flow velocity at the suction side withcentrifugal pumping pressure. In another embodiment, the pressurizedfluid is provided by centrifugal pumping due to the blades rotationalone. In another embodiment, the flow of the pressurized fluid isregulated with the aid of one or more valves at the root of the blade.

In another aspect of the invention, a method for controlling a windturbine comprises providing a blade operatively coupled to a hub of thewind turbine, the blade comprising: (a) a pressure side and suction sidemeeting at a trailing edge and leading edge, the pressure side having apressure side surface and the suction side having a suction sidesurface, the pressure side surface and suction side surface forproviding lift to the blade upon the flow of air from the leading edgeto the trailing edge and over the pressure side and suction sidesurfaces; and (b) one or more forward blowing slots for providing apressurized fluid towards a leading edge of the blade during operationof the wind turbine, the one or more forward blowing slots in fluidcommunication with one or more cavities in the blade for communicating apressurized fluid to the one or more forward blowing slots. The methodfurther comprises balancing suction side airflow velocity againstcentrifugal pumping pressure, thereby minimizing backflow through theone or more forward blowing slots. In an embodiment, the one or moreforward blowing slots protrude above the suction side surface.

In another aspect of the invention, a method for operating a windturbine comprises providing one or more blades, an individual blade ofthe one or more blades as in any of the blades described above, alone orin combination, and generating power with the aid of a turbine generatorcoupled to the one or more blades.

In another aspect of the invention, a blade for use in a wind turbinecomprises a pressure side and suction side meeting at a trailing edgeand leading edge, the pressure side having a pressure side surface andthe suction side having a suction side surface, the pressure sidesurface and suction side surface for providing lift to the blade uponthe flow of air from the leading edge to the trailing edge and over thepressure side and suction side surfaces. The blade includes one or moreslots for providing a fluid towards the leading edge of the blade (also“forward blowing slots” herein). The one or more slots can be disposedon the suction side of the blade. Upon the application of pressurizedair through the one or more forward blowing slots, the one or moreforward blowing slots decrease lift and increase draft for load, powerand safety control. In an embodiment, the forward blowing slots arelocated in aft third of an airfoil of the blade. In another embodiment,the forward blowing slots are located in a mid third of an airfoil ofthe blade. In another embodiment, the forward blowing slots are locatedin a front third of an airfoil of the blade for maximum effect in rotorstopping.

In another aspect of the invention, a blade for use in a wind turbinecomprises a pressure side and suction side meeting at a trailing edgeand leading edge, the pressure side having a pressure side surface andthe suction side having a suction side surface, the pressure sidesurface and suction side surface for providing lift to the blade uponthe flow of air from the leading edge to the trailing edge and over thepressure side and suction side surfaces. The blade further comprises aforward blowing slot on the suction side, the forward blowing slot forproviding a pressurized fluid towards a leading edge of the blade duringoperation of the wind turbine, the forward blowing slot in fluidcommunication with one or more cavities within the blade forcommunicating the pressurized fluid to the forward blowing slot. Abackflow valve is located in a fluid flow path between the one or morecavities and the forward blowing slot. The backflow valve is forregulating the flow of a centrifugally induced fluid from a locationexternal to the blade and into the one or more cavities. In anembodiment, the backflow valve comprises a valve card oriented along aspanwise direction of the blade. In another embodiment, the backflowvalve comprises a forward facing contoured external closure flapcovering an exit of the forward blowing slot. In another embodiment, theblade further comprises a plurality of pivoting louvers that followairfoil contour and prevent backflow. In another embodiment, thebackflow valve is a one way flap valve preventing backflow. In anotherembodiment, the backflow valve is a pivoting plate valve for preventingbackflow. In another embodiment, the blade comprises another pivotingplate valve for preventing backflow.

In another aspect of the invention, a method for controlling a windturbine comprises providing a blade operatively coupled to a hub of thewind turbine. The blade can be attached to the hub via a securingmember, such as one or more screws or fasteners, or can be unitary (orsingle-piece) with the hub. The blade comprises a pressure side andsuction side meeting at, a trailing edge and leading edge, the pressureside having a pressure side surface and the suction side having asuction side surface, the pressure side surface and suction side surfacefor providing lift to the blade upon the flow of air from the leadingedge to the trailing edge and over the pressure side and suction sidesurfaces. The blade includes one or more forward blowing slots forproviding a pressurized fluid towards a leading edge of the blade duringoperation of the wind turbine. The one or more forward blowing slots arein fluid communication with one or more cavities in the blade forcommunicating a pressurized fluid to the one or more forward blowingslots. Next, suction side airflow velocity is balanced againstcentrifugal pumping pressure, thereby minimizing backflow through theone or more forward blowing slots. In an embodiment, the one or moreforward blowing slots protrude above the suction side surface.

In some embodiments, blades above, alone or in combination, arenon-aerodynamic.

Additional aspects and advantages of the present disclosure will becomereadily apparent to those skilled in this art from the followingdetailed description, wherein only illustrative embodiments of thepresent disclosure are shown and described. As will be realized, thepresent disclosure is capable of other and different embodiments, andits several details are capable of modifications in various obviousrespects, all without departing from the disclosure. Accordingly, thedrawings and description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature,and not as restrictive.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in thisspecification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent asif each individual publication, patent, or patent application wasspecifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The novel features of the invention are set forth with particularity inthe appended claims. A better understanding of the features andadvantages of the present invention will be obtained by reference to thefollowing detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments,in which the principles of the invention are utilized, and theaccompanying drawings of which:

FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a blade airfoil section;

FIG. 2 shows a typical blade planform view;

FIG. 3 illustrates a blade planform, in accordance with an embodiment ofthe invention;

FIG. 4 schematically illustrates a blade having a plurality of airfoilsections, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 5A schematically illustrates a blade, in accordance with anembodiment of the invention.

FIG. 5B schematically illustrates a blade, in accordance with anembodiment of the invention;

FIG. 6 schematically illustrates a blade having a plurality of blownpassages, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 7 schematically illustrates a blade airfoil section having aplurality of potential airfoils and a plurality of blowing slots, inaccordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 8 schematically illustrates a slotted and blown blade sectionconfigured for use with a wind turbine;

FIG. 9 schematically illustrates a wind turbine having a plurality ofblades, with and without blowing slots, in accordance with an embodimentof the invention;

FIG. 10 schematically illustrates a turbine system, in accordance withan embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 11 shows an example of a 40-meter blade having a span-wisethickness profile. The x-axis designates span position along the bladeand the y-axis designates the thickness (or chord) of the blade at aparticular span position;

FIG. 12 shows a blade having a forward blowing slot, in accordance withan embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 13 a flow pattern over a blade having a forward blowing slotbetween the leading edge and the midline of the blade;

FIG. 14 schematically illustrates a turbine blade with a forward blowingslot, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 15 is a plot of Turbine power (kilowatts, Kw) versus wind speed(m/s) for forward blown, unblown and forward blown (centrifugal) blades;

FIG. 16 is a schematic cross-sectional side view of a blade having aforward blown slot, a supply plenum and a valve card, in accordance withan embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 17 is a schematic cross-sectional side view of a blade showing aremovable valve card, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 18 is a schematic cross-sectional side view of a backflow valve fora blade, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 19 schematically illustrates a valve card for use with forwardblowing slots, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 20 schematically illustrates a wind turbine blade having dual airdelivery plenums, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 21 is a plot of response to an equivalent step disturbance forforward blowing versus pitch control, showing blowing response (top) andpitch system (bottom);

FIG. 22 is a plot of an optimal pitch schedule;

FIG. 23 shows a pitch schedule; and

FIG. 24 shows radial control of blowing regions.

FIG. 25 schematically illustrates a turbine blade with a forward blowingslot near the leading edge of the blade, in accordance with anembodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

While various embodiments of the invention have been shown and describedherein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that suchembodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerous variations,changes, and substitutions may occur to those skilled in the art withoutdeparting from the invention. It should be understood that variousalternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein may beemployed in practicing the invention.

The term “fluid,” as used herein, refers to a gas or liquid. In someembodiments, a fluid is a gas or liquid having low or substantially lowviscosity. A fluid may include, for example, air, oxygen, hydrogen,water vapor, an inorganic liquid, or an organic liquid, such as liquidwater, an alcohol, an aldehyde, or a ketone. A fluid has various fluidproperties, such as heat capacity, viscosity, temperature, pressure andflow rate.

The term “lift,” as used herein, refers to aerodynamic or hydrodynamiclift. Lift is the component of aerodynamic force perpendicular to thedirection of motion of the airfoil or blade section. “Ineffective lift”means that the fluid flow around the airfoil or blade is operating in aseparated-flow or stalled-flow region. Blades and systems providedherein improve upon such ineffective lift by re-attaching the flow fieldor causing the blade section to perform in a more efficient aerodynamicmanner. In some situations, this is achieved by using pneumatics andblown passages to re-attach separated or stalled flow, or by usepneumatics to effectively eliminate the need for mechanical blade angleof attack change (pitch).

The term “non-aerodynamic,” as used herein, refers to a blade or bladesection that is structurally less aerodynamic than a comparable bladewith geometric features that effect improved aerodynamics. In anexample, a non-aerodynamic blade has a root/inboard section (e.g., 40%or 50% of the span, as measured from the root) which has a chord thatvaries by at most about 5%. Such a blade inboard section operates in aregion of ineffective aerodynamic flow, which includes flow separationand/or stalled flow. The aerodynamics of such a blade inboard section,including the effective (or virtual shape) of the blade inboard section,is adjusted (e.g., increased lift or decreased lift) with the aid of oneor more pneumatic blowing slots in the blade inboard section. Theaerodynamics of such non-aerodynamic blade inboard sections may thus beimproved with the aid of pneumatic blowing.

The term “drag,” as used herein, refers to the component of aerodynamicor hydrodynamic force parallel to the direction of motion of the airfoilor blade section.

The term “blade,” as used herein, refers to an object that is configuredto generate lift upon the flow of a fluid over surfaces of the blade. Ablade may have a pressure side, suction side, leading edge and trailingedge. The pressure side and suction side are for generating lift withthe flow of fluid (e.g., air) over the blade. In some instances, a bladeis used to provide mechanical motion to a turbine generator. In suchcontext, the blade may be referred to as a “turbine blade”.

The term “airfoil” (or “aerofoil” or “airfoil section”), as used herein,refers to the cross-sectional shape of a blade. A blade may have one ormore airfoils. In an example, a blade has a cross-section that isconstant along a span of the blade, and the blade has one airfoil. Inanother example, a blade has a cross-section that varies along a span ofthe blade, and the blade has a plurality of airfoils.

The term “planform,” as used herein, refers to the shape of the bladeviewed from a top-down standpoint defined by airfoil positions and chordlengths.

The term “passageway,” as used herein, refers to a conduit, channel orother structure configured to direct a fluid from one point to another.A fluid flows through a passageway in various flow configurations, suchas, e.g., turbulent or laminar flow. A passageway is generally in fluidcommunication with one or more other passageways or orifices.

The term “orifice,” as used herein, refers to a hole or openingconfigured to direct a fluid from a chamber or a passageway to anexternal environment or another chamber or passageway. An orifice mayhave various shapes, sizes and configurations. In an example, an orificeis circular, oval, elliptical, triangular, square, rectangular,pentagonal, hexagonal, heptagonal, nonagonal, decagonal, or partialsegments (e.g., semi-circular, semi-rectangular) of these shapes. Inanother example, an orifice is a slit. An “orifice” may also be referredto as a “slot.”

The term “forward blown slot” (also “forward blowing slot” herein), asused herein, refers to a passage or orifice for providing a pressurizedfluid directed toward the leading edge of a blade.

The term “reverse blowing slot” (also “reverse blown slot” herein), asused herein, refers to a passage or orifice for providing a pressurizedfluid directed toward the trailing edge of a blade.

The term “blowing,” as used herein, refers to the application of apressurized fluid, such as pressurized air, through one or more orificesor openings in fluid communication with a pressure side and/or suctionside of a blade. Blowing in some cases refers to the act or process ofproviding a pressurized and/or moving fluid, such as a pressurized gasor liquid, through an orifice. In an example, blown air includespressurized air.

The term “span,” as used herein, refers to the radial distance from aroot of a blade towards a tip portion of the blade.

The term “chord,” as used herein, refers to the distance from a leadingedge of a blade airfoil section to a trailing edge of the blade airfoilsection. Blades provided herein may have constant chords as measuredalong a span of the blade.

The term “suction side,” as used herein, refers to the low pressure sideof a blade. The term “pressure side”, as used herein, refers to the highpressure side of a blade. Upon the flow of air or other fluid over theblade, the fluid pressure at the pressure side may be generally greaterthan the fluid pressure at the suction side.

The term “leading edge,” as used herein, refers to a portion of a bladethat faces the direction of flow of a fluid.

The term “trailing edge,” as used herein, refers to a section of a bladethat faces (or is oriented) downstream in relation to the direction offlow of a fluid over the blade.

The term “turbine,” as used herein, refers to a machine, device orsystem that generates power when a wheel or rotor hub (also “hub”herein) fitted with vanes or blades is made to revolve within the flowof a fluid. A turbine configured to generate power from wind is referredto as a “wind turbine” herein. In some cases, a turbine includes a powergenerator, such as an induction generator, for converting mechanicalenergy to electricity (or power).

The term “pitch,” as used herein, refers to the blade airfoil sectionangle of attack relative to the local wind-stream direction. On someconventional wind turbines, it is varied either mechanically by a pitchchange mechanism or by blade twist, both of which may be used to changethe blade airfoil section's local aerodynamic characteristics to makethe blade operate more efficiently aerodynamically. In some embodiments,this required change in local blade section aerodynamics is achievedpneumatically by orifice blowing without any mechanical pitch mechanismor blade twist to achieve the same or better aerodynamic efficiency asthe conventional wind turbine.

Current wind turbines experience a number of special problem areas whichcan limit their range of operational wind speeds; make the mechanismscomplex, heavy and costly; and limit the amount of electrical power thatthey can realistically capture. Pneumatic aerodynamic blades providedherein may address performance, mechanical, and structural issues, andhelp solve most, if not all problems associated with current windturbines without the use of pitching and varying-geometry blades.Pitching mechanisms may still be used in combination with pneumaticcontrol systems.

Some embodiments provide blades for generating aerodynamic orhydrodynamic lift, which in some cases is used to provide mechanicalmotion to a turbine. In some situations, blades are adapted to becomemore aerodynamic by employing the flow of air through one or morepassageways (or channels) and out of one or more orifices in the blades.In some implementation, blades provided herein are used for generatingelectricity, such as by employing the generation of lift to turbineblades operatively coupled to a turbine generator. In otherimplementation, blades provided herein are used with other devices forgenerating lift (or reducing drag), such as helicopters, airplanes,automobiles, cars, truck trailers and other devices or structures inwhich aerodynamic lift is desired. In some embodiments, turbine bladesand systems employ the capabilities of pneumatic or hydrodynamic blownairfoils on the rotor to pneumatically vary all aerodynamic orhydrodynamic forces and moments (primarily lift, drag, and pitch, butalso side force, roll, and yaw if and when needed) without the need forvariations in blade pitch change (angle of attack) or variations inblade twist, chord length, area, or airfoil geometry with variation inlocal rotor blade location. This may account for all changes in localflow field characteristics due to blade rotation, blade spanwiselocation, local inflow angles, local wind-speed or wind over-speeds.

Recognized herein are various limitations associated with current bladesfor use with wind turbines. FIG. 1 shows a cross-section of a bladehaving a leading edge, trailing edge, suction side (top) and pressureside (bottom), as is found in at least some blades currently available.The blade has a chord length (also “chord” herein) and a span, which ismeasured from a root to a tip portion of the blade, as measured along anaxis orthogonal to the plane of the page. FIG. 2 shows a blade planformthat is representative of the planform of at least some current blades.The position along the blade from a root of the blade to a tip of theblade is measured along the spanwise or radial (horizontal) axis(“Station”). The leading edge is at the top of the planform and thetrailing edge is at the bottom of the planform. In some cases, a chordof the blade is measured along the vertical axis with reference to thehorizontal axis (“Position”). For example, at about 24 meters (“m”) fromthe root of the blade, the blade has a chord of about 3 m. The blade hasa length that is about 50 m. The tip of the blade is slightly trimmedoff; that is, at the tip of the blade the leading edge and the trailingedge do not converge. The flow of a fluid—such as, e.g., air—from theleading edge (FIG. 2, top) to the trailing edge (FIG. 2, bottom)generates aerodynamic lift on the blade. The chord of the blade of FIG.2 at the root of the blade is about 3 m.

While in some cases the blades of FIGS. 1 and 2 are configured toprovide aerodynamic lift, in some situations, such blades are expensiveto manufacture and maintain, leading to increased installation and/ormaintenance costs. In addition, operating such blades may requirecomplex braking and control systems to enable and disable the rotationof a turbine having a plurality of the blades, and to provide foroptimum blade configuration (e.g., pitch) for extracting energy fromwind. For instance, to reduce or stop the spinning of a turbine havingthe blades of FIGS. 1 and 2 may require a braking system, leading tosystem complexity that may in turn lead to increased costs.

In addition, the blades of FIGS. 1 and 2, to achieve preferableefficiencies, in some cases require structural features that minimizeflow separation over the suction sides of the blades. For example, theroot/inboard portions of the blades include twists to make the rootsections aerodynamic. Such structural features, however, are expensiveto manufacture, leading to increased costs for installing such blades.The growing chord lengths of the root portions of current blades as thespan increases pushes the limits of the current manufacturing techniquesfor wind turbine blades.

There is recognized herein a need for improved blades and turbines thatprovide for reduced cost and improved efficiency with respect to currentblades and systems.

Some embodiments describe mechanically simple, highly efficient,structurally strong, cost effective, and controllable aerodynamicturbine blades to extract energy from a flow of a fluid, such as wind(e.g., air), over turbine blades. In some embodiments, this isaccomplished by augmenting or controlling the aerodynamics of turbineblades with the aid of pneumatic blowing (“blown blades”) through one ormore orifices in the blades, which generate forces and extracts energyeven at moderate, low or substantially low wind velocities. Blown bladesprovided herein are structurally strong; the lift, drag and torqueproduced by such blades are configured to be relatively independent ofthe local relative wind angle, thus reducing, if not eliminating,problems of blade pitch and pitch control mechanisms. Blown bladesprovided herein advantageously enable the economical, widespread use ofwind turbines, which is not possible with at least some blades andturbines currently available. This advantageously decreases a dependenceon fossil fuels as a source of energy, which in turn aids in reducingpollution (e.g., SO_(x), NO_(x), smog, particulate matter) and variousissues associated with global warming.

Turbine blades and devices described in various embodiments of theinvention achieve substantially high lift on specialized blown bladesand drag adjustment, such as, e.g., increasing drag to effect braking orreducing drag to improve efficiency. In addition, systems providedherein provide control over the aerodynamic moments on blades,prevention of flow separation on blades (except when flow separation isdesirable, such as for braking), and the ability to perform all of thesecapabilities without any physical change in the local blade angle ofattack to the oncoming flow. These capabilities allow energy extractionfrom a flowing fluid over a wide range of fluid flow velocities andangles of attack on the blades. In some embodiments, this is achievedwith the aid of one or more perpendicular blowing slots, tangentialblowing slots, or blowing slots with exit angles between vectorstangential and orthogonal to the blade surface. Such slots are locatedon either end of an individual blade (i.e., root or tip), on either endof the airfoil sections (i.e., leading edge or training edge), and oneither side of the blade (i.e., pressure side or suction side). Inaddition to substantially high lift and drag reduction—thus highaerodynamic lift-to-drag ratios and efficiencies—these characteristics,in some cases, are varied by adjusting only the blade blowing rates orblowing pressures through the one or more slots. This may advantageouslyeliminate the need for blade twist; blade chord change or local planformarea variation (taper); blade camber; and blade variable airfoilgeometry, some or all of which, for traditional blades, may change allalong the blade span to account for different local wind speeds and windangles at the various blade radial locations.

Blades

In an aspect of the invention, a blade for use with a turbine, such as awind turbine, comprises a pressure side and suction side meeting at atrailing edge and leading edge, the pressure side having a pressure sidesurface and the suction side having a suction side surface, the pressureside surface and suction side surface configured to provide aerodynamicor hydrodynamic lift (“lift”) to the blade upon the flow of air from theleading edge to the trailing edge and over the pressure side and suctionside surfaces. The pressure side and suction side extend from a rootportion to a tip portion of the blade.

In some embodiments, the root/inboard portion of the blade issubstantially non-aerodynamic. That is, with the blade freely positionedin the path of a flowing fluid (e.g., air), the root/inboard portion, inan embodiment, does not provide sufficient aerodynamic lift. Thesubstantially non-aerodynamic root/inboard portion in some casesmanifests a separated flow of a gas over the root/inboard portion of theblade. In view of flow separation, aerodynamic lift is reduced, if noteliminated. Thus, such a blade, when placed in the path of a flowingfluid, ordinarily does not generate aerodynamic lift that is sufficientto impart mechanical motion to a turbine. In some embodiments, theaerodynamic lift of the blade is improved (or augmented) with the aid ofblown passages or orifices in the blade. That is, directing a fluidthrough one or more openings or orifices in the blade improves theaerodynamics of the otherwise non-aerodynamic blade portions. With theseblown sections, the effective blade may extend to the root.

In some embodiments, the placement of one or more blown passages at asuction side of a blade at or near a root portion of the blade and oneor more blown passages at a pressure or suction side of the blade at ornear the tip portion of the blade provides sufficient aerodynamiccontrol over a blade having a non-aerodynamic root portion. Thecombination of suction side and pressure side blown slots unexpectedlyhelps improve the aerodynamics of an otherwise non-aerodynamic bladewhile eliminating the need for a complex braking system, as is found incertain turbines. In some cases, for blades having aerodynamic rootportions, such an arrangement of blown slots is redundant.

An example of achieving a non-aerodynamic root portion includes having aleading edge that is parallel to a trailing edge at a portion of theblade at or toward the root section of the blade, such as a portion ofthe blade from the root to a predetermined length from the root. At thisportion of the blade there is no twisting of the surfaces of the blade.In some situations, such blade geometry is preferable from amanufacturing standpoint as a blade having such a non-aerodynamic rootportion is relatively easier to manufacture. Any loss in aerodynamicefficiency is mitigated, if not eliminated, with the aid of blowing, asdescribed herein. As such, while structural features of the root portion(or root section) of the blade make the root portion of the blade lessaerodynamic or non-aerodynamic in relation to other blades (such as,e.g., blades with twists), blowing improves the aerodynamics of the rootportion, thereby improving the effective aerodynamics of the blade.

In another embodiment, a blade configured to be used in a wind turbinecomprises a pressure side and suction side meeting at a trailing edgeand leading edge, the pressure side having a pressure side surface andthe suction side having a suction side surface, the pressure sidesurface and suction side surface for providing lift to the blade uponthe flow of air from the leading edge to the trailing edge and over thepressure side and suction side surfaces, the pressure side and suctionside at a root/inboard portion of the blade being substantiallynon-aerodynamic. The blade includes one or more airfoils locatedspan-wise along the blade.

The blade further includes one or more openings at one of the pressureside and the suction side, the one or more openings for providingaerodynamic shaping to the blade. In some cases, the blade furthercomprises one or more openings at the other of the pressure side and thesuction side, the one or more openings for providing aerodynamic shapingto the blade. The one or more openings at the suction side are disposedat or near a leading edge and/or trailing edge of the blade, or at aposition between the leading and trailing edge. In an example, the bladeincludes an opening at the suction side adjacent the trailing edge ofthe blade. Additionally, if the blade has one or more openings at thepressure side, the one or more openings are disposed at or near aleading edge and/or trailing edge of the blade. In an example, the bladeincludes an opening at the pressure side adjacent a trailing edge of theblade.

Openings at the pressure side are disposed at a surface of the pressureside or disposed at the leading edge or trailing edge of the blade andoriented such that a pressurized fluid is provided to the pressure sideof the blade. Similarly, openings at the suction side are disposed at asurface of the suction side or disposed at the leading edge, trailingedge, or between the leading edge and trailing edge of the blade andoriented such that a pressurized fluid is provided to the suction sideof the blade.

In some embodiments, blown passages are oriented span-wise in relationto a blade. That is, a blown passage or a plurality of blown passagesare oriented such that they run from a first point on the blade towardeither a tip or root portion of the blade. In such cases, the blownpassages are parallel to a leading and/or trailing edge of the blade, orangled with respect to the leading and/or trailing edge. In an example,a blown passage is an elongate slot running from a midpoint of the bladeto a root of the blade.

In some situations, the blade includes a suction side opening (e.g.,elongated slot, slit) at the suction side of the blade and orientedparallel to a trailing edge of the blade, and a pressure side opening(e.g., elongated slot, slit) at the pressure side and oriented parallelto the trailing edge of the blade. In other situations, the suction sideand/or pressure side openings are not parallel to the leading edge andthe trailing edge, respectively. For example, the suction side openingis oriented at an angle between about 5° and 50°, or an angle of atleast about 5°, 10°, 15°, 20°, 25°, 30°, 35°, 40°, 45°, or 50° withrespect to the trailing edge of the blade. As another example, thepressure side opening is oriented at an angle between about 5° and 50°,or an angle of at least about 5°, 10°, 15°, 20°, 25°, 30°, 35°, 40°,45°, or 50° with respect to the trailing edge of the blade (see, e.g.,FIGS. 5A and 5B). The suction side opening is disposed toward or in thevicinity of the root section of the blade. The pressure side opening isdisposed toward or in the vicinity of the tip section of the blade. Thesuction side opening is for providing aerodynamic shaping to one or moreairfoils toward the root section of the blade. The pressure side openingis for providing negative blade lift, increased drag and aerodynamicbraking, such as near the blade tip. In some situations, pressure sideblowing is precluded and aerodynamic control and braking is accomplishedsolely with the aid of suction side blowing.

In some situations, one or more openings are provided at a leading edgeof the blade for minimizing, if not eliminating, leading-edge flowseparation, laminar leading edge bubbles, and/or blade stall at highlocal angles of attack. In an embodiment, the one or more openings aredisposed at a suction side of the blade. In another embodiment, the oneor more openings are disposed at a pressure side of the blade. In somesituations, if the one or more openings include slits, the slits aregenerally oriented parallel to the leading edge of the blade, though inother situations the slits are angled between about 5° and 50°, or atleast about 5°, 10°, 15°, 20°, 25°, 30°, 35°, 40°, 45°, or 50° inrelation to the trailing edge of the blade. These leading edge blowingslots may also provide control of the blade pitching moment.

In some embodiments, suction side and/or pressure side blowing is usedto cause or effect flow separation. In an embodiment, blown slots orpassages (e.g., slits) provide pressurized air (or other gas) to asuction side of a blade at an angle that is oriented at or between avector normal to a surface of the suction side of the blade and a vectorparallel (or tangential) to the surface of the suction side of the bladeand oriented toward the leading edge of the blade. In an example,pressurized air is provided to the suction side at an angle that isbetween about 1° and 90°, 5° and 85°, or at least about 5°, 10°, 15°,20°, 25°, 30°, 35°, 40°, 45°, 50°, 55°, 60°, 65°, 70°, 75°, 80°, or 85°with respect to a vector parallel to a surface of the suction side andoriented toward the leading edge—i.e., pressurized air is blown towardthe leading edge.

Blades described in some embodiments of the invention, in comparison tothe blades of FIGS. 1 and 2, are less aerodynamic. However, blownpassages or orifices (that is, passages or openings to provide apressurized fluid, such as pressurized air) provide virtual shaping tothe blades that provide for an effective shape of each of the bladesthat is improved from an aerodynamics standpoint.

Blades provided herein have various advantages over certain currentblades. In an example, blades provided herein are easier to manufactureand maintain, leading to decreased operating and maintenance costs. Inaddition, the application of pressurized air to improve the aerodynamicsof such blades and enable braking precludes the need for mechanicalcomponents found in at least some turbines, such as, for example,braking systems.

Blades provided herein include at least one passage in fluidcommunication with one or more openings in the blade. The one or moreopenings have shapes selected from various geometric shapes, such aselongated or longitudinal (e.g., slits), circular, triangular,rectangular, pentagonal or hexagonal, or partial versions (e.g.,semi-circular, semi-rectangular) of those geometric shapes. In somecases, the one or more openings are disposed at various locations of theblade, such as at the root portion, the tip portion and/or partial orfull length slots at locations in-between the root and tip portions. Theapplication of air (or other fluid) through the one or more openingsprovides virtual shaping to the blade, which in at least some casesimproves the aerodynamics of the blade. The virtual shaping decreasesthe separation of flow over the suction side of the blade, leading toimproved aerodynamic lift and hence mechanical motion that in some casesis used to generate power.

In some embodiments, a blade has a constant chord from a root (also“root” herein) to a predetermined location along the span of the blade.FIG. 3 shows an example of a blade planform having a root chord that isreduced with respect to the chord of the blade of FIG. 2, in accordancewith an embodiment of the invention. FIG. 3 is a top-down planform viewof the blade. A leading edge of the blade is at the top of the figure, atrailing edge of the blade is at the bottom of the figure, a root of theblade is at 0 m along the horizontal axis (“Blade Station”) and a tipportion (also “tip” herein) is at about 50 m along the horizontal axis.The vertical axis designates position along the chord of the blade. Thechord of the blade at the root is about 2.4-2.6 m. The planform of FIG.3 has a span of about 50 m. In some embodiments, a blade has otherspans, such as a span of between about 0.5 m and 100 m, or between about10 m and 60 m. In other cases, a blade has a span up to and includingabout 1 m, or 2 m, or 3 m, or 4 m, or 5 m, or 6 m, or 7 m, or 8 m, or 9m, or 10 m, or 20 m, or 30 m, or 40 m, or 50 m, or 60 m, or 70 m, or 80m, or 90 m, or 100 m, or 200 m, or 300 m, or 400 m, or 500 m.

The blade of FIG. 3 has a thickness-to-chord ratio (percentage) betweenabout 10% and 80%, or between about 30% and 70%, or between about 55%and 60%. In an example, the thickness of the blade is about 20% of thechord of the blade. The chord of the blade is measured at any positionalong a horizontal axis having the span of the blade (i.e., an axisextending from a root of the blade to the tip of the blade). In somecases, the blade at the root section has a thickness-to-chord ratio ofat least about 45%, or 46%, or 47%, or 48%, or 49%, or 50%, or 51%, or52%, or 53%, or 54%, or 55%, or 56%, or 57%, or 58%, or 59%, or 60%, or61%, or 62%, or 63%, or 64%, or 65%. In an embodiment, the blade has aconstant thickness-to-chord ratio for a predetermined portion of theblade near the root of the blade.

A chord of the blade as measured from the root of the blade (BladeStation=0) to about 20 meters (m) or 21 m (or about 40% span) from theroot is substantially constant. That is, from the root to about 20 m or21 m (or about 40% span) from the root, the chord varies by at mostabout 5%. In other situations, from the root to about 20 m or 21 m fromthe root, the chord varies by at most about 5%, 4%, or 3%, or 2%, or 1%,or 0.5%, or 0.1%. In other cases, any predetermined portion of theblade, as measured from the root, has a substantially constant chord.

In some embodiments, a chord of a blade as measured from the root of theblade to about 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, or 50% span,as measured from the root, is substantially constant. From the root toabout 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, or 50% span (asmeasured from the root), the chord varies by at most about 5%, 4%, or3%, or 2%, or 1%, or 0.5%, or 0.1%. In other situations, anypredetermined portion of the blade, as measured from the root, has asubstantially constant chord.

In some cases, between about 20% and 60% of the leading edge of theblade, as measured from the root of the blade, is parallel to thetrailing edge. In other cases, up to and including about 40% of theleading edge is parallel to the trailing edge. For instance, 20%, or21%, or 22%, or 23%, or 24%, or 25% or 26%, or 27%, or 28%, or 29%, or30%, or 31%, or 32%, or 33%, or 34%, or 35%, or 36%, or 37%, or 38%, or39%, or 40% of the leading edge, as measured from the root of the blade,is parallel to the trailing edge.

In some situations, the chord of the blade toward a root of the bladevaries by at most about 0.1%, or 0.5%, or 1%, or 2%, or 3%, or 4%, or5%, or 6%, or 7%, or 8%, or 9%, or 10%. For instance, the chord of theblade of FIG. 3 toward the root of the blade varies by at most about 1%.

FIG. 4 shows a blade 400, in accordance with an embodiment of theinvention. The blade 400 includes a plurality of airfoils 401, 402, 403,404, 405, 406, 407 and 408 positioned between a root 409 and tip 410 ofthe blade. The blade 400 includes a suction side 411 having a suctionside surface 412, and a pressure side having a pressure side surface,which are disposed opposite from the suction side 411 and suction sidesurface 412. The blade includes a leading edge 413 and trailing edge414. The blade may include spar caps (not shown) that provide structuralsupport to the blade 400. The blade 400 is mountable on a wind turbine.In an example, a wind turbine includes a plurality of blades similar oridentical to the blade 400. In some situations, the wind turbineincludes 2, or 3, or 4, or 5, or 6, or 7, or 8, or 9, or 10 blades.

In an example, the blade 400 includes two spar caps (also “sparcaps”herein), a first spar cap at the suction side surface 411 and a secondspar cap at the pressure side surface. In other situations, the blade400 includes 2 or more, or 3 or more, or 4 or more, or 5 or more, or 6or more, or 8 or more, or 9 or more, or 10 or more, or 20 or more, or 30or more, or 40 or more, or 50 or more spar caps. In other situations,the blade 400 is formed of a single-piece material without any sparcaps.

In an embodiment, the blade 400 is formed of one or more materialsselected from the group consisting of a polymeric material, a foam-typematerial, one or more metals and one or more non-metals. In an example,the blade 400 is formed of glass fiber material with a resin or carbonfiber material with a resin.

FIG. 5A schematically illustrates a blade 500, in accordance with anembodiment of the invention. The blade 500 includes a leading edge 505,trailing edge 510, root portion 515 and tip portion 520. A suction side525 of the blade 500 opposes a pressure side (not shown) of the blade.The blade 500 includes an opening 530 configured to provide an exit fora fluid, such as air, over a suction side of the blade 500. The opening530, as illustrated, is a slot extending from about a midpoint of theblade 500 toward the root 515. The leading edge 505 and trailing edge510 at a span section (or portion) 535 of the blade 500, which is aportion of the blade 500 extending away from the root portion 515, areparallel to one another.

In some cases, the blade 500 includes one or more openings at a pressureside of the blade. In an embodiment, the one or more openings aredisposed toward the tip 520 of the blade. In other cases, the opening530 is disposed at the trailing edge 510 at or near the root 515. Insome situations, the blade 500 includes one or more openings at thesuction side 525 at or near the tip 520.

FIG. 5B shows a blade 550, in accordance with an embodiment of theinvention. The blade 550 includes a leading edge 555, trailing edge 560,root portion 565 and tip portion 570. A suction side 575 of the blade550 opposes a pressure side (not shown) of the blade. The blade 550includes an opening 580 extending from about a midpoint of the blade 550toward the root 565. The leading edge 555 and trailing edge 560 at aspan section (or portion) 580 of the blade 550 are parallel to oneanother. The blade 550 also includes a plurality of openings 585 and 590for directing air (or other fluid) to one or more openings of the blade550 in fluid communication with the suction side 575 and/or pressureside of the blade 550, including the opening 580. In some situations,the opening 580 runs the length of one or more of the openings 585 and590.

In some cases, the blade 550 includes one or more openings at a pressureside of the blade. In an embodiment, the one or more openings aredisposed toward the tip 520 of the blade. In other cases, the opening580 is disposed at the trailing edge 560 at or near the root 565. Insome situations, the blade 550 includes one or more openings at thesuction side 575 at or near the tip 570.

FIG. 6 schematically illustrates a blade 600, in accordance with anembodiment of the invention. In some situations, the blade 600 hasfeatures that are similar or identical to the blade 400 of FIG. 4. Blade600 includes a plurality of airfoil sections 601, 602, 603, 604, 605,606, 607 and 608 for providing structural support (or structuralrigidity) to the blade 600.

In some cases the blade 600 is substantially non-aerodynamic. That is,upon the flow of a fluid from a leading edge to a trailing edge and overthe suction and pressure sides of a blade shaped like the blade 600, thefreestanding blade, by itself, is not configured to generate sufficientor optimal aerodynamic lift (e.g., lift necessary for generating powerwith the aid of a turbine). This is at least in part due to flowseparation. However, the blade 600 includes one or more orifices forproviding a fluid (e.g., pressurized air, which is also referred to as“blown air” herein) over the pressure side and/or the suction side ofthe blade, which mitigates, if not eliminates, flow separation. This inturn eliminates any separation that exists at the suction side of theblade. The blade 600 includes a pressure side blowing orifice 609 fordirecting a flowing fluid, such as blown air, to the pressure side ofthe blade. In addition, the blade 600 includes suction side blowingorifices 610 for directing a flowing fluid to the suction side of theblade.

The pressure side blowing orifice (also “blowing slot” herein) 609 isdisposed in proximity to a tip 611 of the blade 600. The blowingorifices 610 are disposed in proximity to a root 612 of the blade 600.The slots 609 and 610 are oriented along a trailing edge 613 of theblade 600. The trailing edge 613 is opposite from a leading edge 614 ofthe blade 600.

The suction side blowing orifices 610 include a first blowing orificedisposed adjacent the trailing edge 613 and second blowing orificedisposed adjacent a center line of the blade 600.

In some situations, the blade 600 includes blowing orifices at or nearthe leading edge 614 of the blade 600 (i.e., “leading edge blowingorifices”). In an embodiment, the leading edge blowing orifices areoriented generally parallel to the leading edge of the blade 600. Inanother embodiment, the blade 600 includes blowing slots in a centerline chord region at or near the tip 611 of the blade 600.

In some embodiments, the pressure side blowing orifice 609 are orientedsuch that a flowing fluid (e.g., blown air) is provided to the pressureside (not shown) of the blade 600 at an angle between about 0° and 180°,or 25° and 135°, or 35° and 125° with respect to the surface of thepressure side adjacent the pressure side blowing orifice 609. In somesituations, blown air is provided through the pressure side blowingorifice 609 at an angle, with respect to an axis oriented from acenterline of the blade 600 toward the leading edge 614, of betweenabout 0° and 90°, or 0° and 25° with respect to the surface of thepressure side. In an example, blown air is provided through the pressureside blowing orifice 609 at an angle, with respect to an axis orientedfrom a centerline of the blade 600 toward the leading edge 614, of about0°, or 1°, or 2°, or 3°, or 4°, or 5°, or 6°, or 7°, or 8°, or 9°, or10°, or 11°, or 12°, or 13°, or 14°, or 15°, or 16°, or 17°, or 18°, or19°, or 20°, or 21°, or 22°, or 23°, or 24°, or 25°, or 26°, or 27°, or28°, or 29°, or 30°, or 31°, or 32°, or 33°, or 34°, or 35°, or 36°, or37°, or 38°, or 39°, or 40°, or 41°, or 42°, or 43°, or 44°, or 45°, or46°, or 47°, or 48°, or 49°, or 50°, or 51°, or 52°, or 53°, or 54°, or55°, or 56°, or 57°, or 58°, or 59°, or 60°, or 61°, or 62°, or 63°, or64°, or 65°, or 66°, or 67°, or 68°, or 69°, or 70°, or 71°, or 72°, or73°, or 74°, or 75°, or 76°, or 77°, or 78°, or 79°, or 80°, or 81°, or82°, or 83°, or 84°, or 85°, or 86°, or 87°, or 88°, or 89°, or 90° withrespect to the surface of the pressure side. In other situations, blownair is provided through the pressure side blowing orifice 609 at anangle, with respect to an axis oriented from a centerline of the blade600 toward the trailing edge 613, of between about 0° and 90°, or 0° and25° with respect to the surface of the pressure side. In an example,blown air is provided through the pressure side blowing orifice 609 atan angle, with respect to an axis oriented from a centerline of theblade 600 toward the trailing edge 613, of at least about 0°, or 1°, or2°, or 3°, or 4°, or 5°, or 6°, or 7°, or 8°, or 9°, or 10°, or 11°, or12°, or 13°, or 14°, or 15°, or 16°, or 17°, or 18°, or 19°, or 20°, or21°, or 22°, or 23°, or 24°, or 25°, or 26°, or 27°, or 28°, or 29°, or30°, or 31°, or 32°, or 33°, or 34°, or 35°, or 36°, or 37°, or 38°, or39°, or 40°, or 41°, or 42°, or 43°, or 44°, or 45°, or 46°, or 47°, or48°, or 49°, or 50°, or 51°, or 52°, or 53°, or 54°, or 55°, or 56°, or57°, or 58°, or 59°, or 60°, or 61°, or 62°, or 63°, or 64°, or 65°, or66°, or 67°, or 68°, or 69°, or 70°, or 71°, or 72°, or 73°, or 74°, or75°, or 76°, or 77°, or 78°, or 79°, or 80°, or 81°, or 82°, or 83°, or84°, or 85°, or 86°, or 87°, or 88°, or 89°, or 90° with respect to thesurface of the pressure side. In another example, blown air is providedthrough the pressure side blowing orifice 609 at an angle of about 90°with respect to the surface of the pressure side.

The pressure side blowing orifice 609, as illustrated, is disposed at ornear the trailing edge 613 of the blade 600. In other cases, however,the pressure side blowing orifice 609 is disposed along the pressureside and away from the trailing edge 613. In an example, the pressureside blowing orifice 609 is disposed midway along the pressure side ofthe blade 609, such as midway along a chord of the blade 600.Alternatively, the pressure side blowing orifice 609 is disposed at ornear the leading edge 614 of the blade 600. In other situations, theblowing orifice 609 is on the pressure side and at or between theleading edge 614 and the trailing edge 613. In other cases, a pressureside blowing orifice is disposed at the trailing edge 613 and at alocation on the pressure side of the blade 600.

With continued reference to FIG. 6, in some cases the suction sideblowing orifices 610 are oriented to provide a flowing fluidtangentially with respect to a surface of the suction side.Alternatively, the suction side blowing orifices 610 are oriented suchthat a flowing fluid, such as blown air, is provided at an angle betweenabout 0° and 90°, or between about 25° and 75°, or between about 35° and55° with respect to the surface of the suction side adjacent the suctionside blowing orifices 610 and in relation to the trailing edge. In anembodiment, blown air is provided parallel to the suction side in adownstream direction (i.e., along the direction of the flow of air fromthe leading edge to the trailing edge), or perpendicular to a surface ofthe suction side. In some situations, blown air is provided at an anglebetween about 40° and 45° with respect to the surface of the suctionside, as measured from an axis oriented toward the trailing edge.

In some embodiments, the suction side blowing orifice 610 are orientedsuch that a flowing fluid (e.g., blown air) is provided to the suctionside of the blade 600 at an angle between about 0° and 180°, or 25° and135°, or 35° and 125° with respect to the surface of the suction sideadjacent the suction side blowing orifice 610. In some situations, blownair is provided through the suction side blowing orifices 610 at anangle, with respect to an axis oriented from a centerline of the blade600 toward the leading edge 614, between about 0° and 90°, or 0° and 25°with respect to the surface of the suction side. In an example, blownair is provided through the suction side blowing orifices 610 at anangle, with respect to an axis oriented from the centerline of the blade600 toward the leading edge 614, of about 0°, or 1°, or 2°, or 3°, or4°, or 5°, or 6°, or 7°, or 8°, or 9°, or 10°, or 11°, or 12°, or 13°,or 14°, or 15°, or 16°, or 17°, or 18°, or 19°, or 20°, or 21°, or 22°,or 23°, or 24°, or 25°, or 26°, or 27°, or 28°, or 29°, or 30°, or 31°,or 32°, or 33°, or 34°, or 35°, or 36°, or 37°, or 38°, or 39°, or 40°,or 41°, or 42°, or 43°, or 44°, or 45°, or 46°, or 47°, or 48°, or 49°,or 50°, or 51°, or 52°, or 53°, or 54°, or 55°, or 56°, or 57°, or 58°,or 59°, or 60°, or 61°, or 62°, or 63°, or 64°, or 65°, or 66°, or 67°,or 68°, or 69°, or 70°, or 71°, or 72°, or 73°, or 74°, or 75°, or 76°,or 77°, or 78°, or 79°, or 80°, or 81°, or 82°, or 83°, or 84°, or 85°,or 86°, or 87°, or 88°, or 89°, or 90° with respect to the surface ofthe suction side. In other situations, blown air is provided through thesuction side blowing orifices 610 at an angle, with respect to an axisoriented from a centerline of the blade 600 toward the trailing edge613, between about 0° and 90°, or 0° and 25° with respect to the surfaceof the suction side. In an example, blown air is provided through thesuction side blowing orifices 610 at an angle, with respect to an axisoriented from the centerline of the blade 600 toward the trailing edge613, of about 0°, or 1°, or 2°, or 3°, or 4°, or 5°, or 6°, or 7°, or8°, or 9°, or 10°, or 11°, or 12°, or 13°, or 14°, or 15°, or 16°, or17°, or 18°, or 19°, or 20°, or 21°, or 22°, or 23°, or 24°, or 25°, or26°, or 27°, or 28°, or 29°, or 30°, or 31°, or 32°, or 33°, or 34°, or35°, or 36°, or 37°, or 38°, or 39°, or 40°, or 41°, or 42°, or 43°, or44°, or 45°, or 46°, or 47°, or 48°, or 49°, or 50°, or 51°, or 52°, or53°, or 54°, or 55°, or 56°, or 57°, or 58°, or 59°, or 60°, or 61°, or62°, or 63°, or 64°, or 65°, or 66°, or 67°, or 68°, or 69°, or 70°, or71°, or 72°, or 73°, or 74°, or 75°, or 76°, or 77°, or 78°, or 79°, or80°, or 81°, or 82°, or 83°, or 84°, or 85°, or 86°, or 87°, or 88°, or89°, or 90° with respect to the surface of the suction side.

The suction side blowing orifices 610 are disposed along the suctionside of the blade 600. Further, the suction side blowing orifices 610are disposed at or near the trailing edge of the blade 600. In othersituations, the suction side blowing orifices 610 are disposed at ornear the leading edge of the blade 600. In some cases, a suction sideblowing orifice is disposed at or near the trailing edge of the blade600 and another suction side blowing orifice is disposed at somelocation along a chord of the blade 600, such as midway along the chord.

In some embodiments, the blade 600 includes 1 or more, or 2 or more, or3 or more, or 4 or more, or 5 or more, or 6 or more, or 7 or more, or 8or more, or 9 or more, or 10 or more, or or more, or 30 or more, or 40or more, or 50 or more suction side blowing orifices 610. In otherembodiments, the blade 600 includes 1 or more, or 2 or more, or 3 ormore, or 4 or more, or 5 or more, or 6 or more, or 7 or more, or 8 ormore, or 9 or more, or 10 or more, or 20 or more, or 30 or more, or 40or more, or 50 or more pressure side blowing orifices 609. Pressure sideblowing orifices 609 are used in conjunction with, or in place of,suction side blowing orifices 610.

As illustrated, the blade 600 includes three suction side orifices (withone suction side orifice at the leading edge) and one pressure sideorifice. However, in other cases the blade includes any number ofpressure side and suction side orifices. In some embodiments, thepressure side includes 1 or more, or 2 or more or 3 or more or 4 or moreor 5 or more or 10 or more or 20 or more or 50 or more orifices, and thesuction side includes 1 or more, or 2 or more or 3 or more or 4 or moreor 5 or more or 10 or more or 20 or more or 50 or more orifices. In somesituations, the blade 600 includes pressure side orifices or suctionside orifices, but not both. In an example, the blade 600 includes threepressure side orifices and two suction side orifices. In anotherexample, the blade includes two pressure side orifices and one suctionside orifice. In some cases, the orifices are slots or slits, such aselongated openings (e.g., elongate elliptical or rectangular openings).Alternatively, the orifices are shaped circular, oval, triangular,square, rectangular, pentagonal, or hexagonal or partial shapes.

The pressure side orifice 609 is disposed toward the tip 611 of theblade 600. The suction side orifices 610 are disposed toward the root612 of the blade 600. The pressure side orifice 609 is disposed beyondthe midpoint 615 of the span of the blade 600. The suction side orifices610 are disposed between the root portion 612 and the midpoint 615 ofthe blade 600.

The pressure side orifice 609 and suction side orifices 610 are slits orlongitudinal openings in which one dimension of each of the openings islonger than another dimension. In some cases, the span is always largerthan the height of each of the openings. Alternatively, each of theorifices is circular, triangular, square, rectangular, pentagonal,hexagonal, heptagonal, octagonal, nonagonal, or decagonal or partialshapes. In addition, in some cases the orifices are sized so as toprovide a predetermined flow of blown air (or other fluid) over thepressure and/or suction side. In an embodiment, blown air is provided ata pressure between about 0.0001 atmospheres (atm) and 10 atm, or about0.01 atm and 1 atm. In another embodiment, blown air is provided at aflow rate between about 0.01 m³/s and 10,000 m³/s, or between about 0.1m³/s and 100 m³/s. In another embodiment, blown air is provided at atemperature between about −50° C. and 150° C., or 0° C. and 120° C.

The pressure side orifice 609 extends along the trailing edge 613 of theblade 600. The suction side orifices 610 extend along a surface of theblade 600 generally parallel to the trailing edge 613.

In some embodiments, the blade 600 includes one or more orifices at oradjacent the leading edge 614 (i.e., “leading edge orifices”). Theleading edge orifices are oriented generally parallel to the leadingedge 614. In some cases, the leading edge orifices are used inconjunction with, or in place of, the trailing edge orifices describedabove.

In some embodiments, leading edge blowing decreases flow separation atthe suction side of the blade. In such a case, shutting off leading edgeblowing may cause flow separation and blade stalling at high localangles of attack, which may provide a braking feature for a turbinehaving the blade 600.

In some embodiments, the blade 600 includes both leading edge blowingand trailing edge blowing. In such a case, when leading edge blowing isstopped and trailing edge blowing is continued or increased, leadingedge flow separation and drag will be increased, leading to increasing(or greater) aerodynamic braking.

In some cases, leading edge and trailing edge blowing are employedconcurrently for blade pitching moment minimization. In situations inwhich trailing edge blowing is increased, leading edge blowing is usedto adjust the pitch and keep the pitching moment low, if not zero. In anembodiment, variable blowing at the trailing edge 613 and leading edge614 is employed to alter the drag coefficient of the blade 600 to anegative value around the rotor azimuth during rotation by increasingslot thrust recovery and thus increasing rotor torque for higher bladeefficiency. In some embodiments, variable blowing provides for anegative or positive drag coefficient (C_(d)), a positive or negativelift coefficient (C_(l)), and a positive or negative pitching momentcoefficient (C_(m)). In an example, variable blowing provides for a dragcoefficient (C_(d)) between about 0.01 and 0.4, or 0.15 and 0.2; a liftcoefficient (C_(l)) between about −0.5 and 0.5, or −0.3 and 0.3; and apitching moment coefficient (C_(m)) between about −0.1 and 0, or −0.09and −0.04. In some situations, C_(l) and C_(d) are inversely,proportional to one another (i.e., as C_(l) gets smaller, C_(d) getsbigger, and vice versa).

In some embodiments, inboard (or root) blade section blowing improvesthe aerodynamics of inboard blade sections (near the root 612) which isotherwise non-aerodynamic or shows poor aerodynamic performance due, forexample, to flow separation at local velocities. In some situations,blowing at the inboard blade section transfers more of the aerodynamicload on the blades inboard, thus unloading the outboard blade sectionsand reducing root bending moments on the blade structure. In somesituations, this advantageously precludes the need for structurallyrigid materials, which may make the blades lighter.

In some embodiments, the blade 600 includes one or more cavities thatare in fluid communication with a fluid control system for providing afluid, such as a gas (e.g., air), to the one or more cavities. The oneor more cavities are in fluid communication with the pressure sideorifice 609 and the suction side orifices 610. In an embodiment, theblade 600 is hollow. In another embodiment, the one or more cavities aredefined by one or more partitions in the hollow blade 600.

In some embodiments, the blade 600 includes a cavity (not shown) thattraverses a length of the blade 600. In an embodiment, the cavitytraverses up to about 5%, or 10%, or 15%, or 20%, or 25%, or 30%, or35%, or 40%, or 45%, or 50%, or 55%, or 60%, or 65%, or 70%, or 75%, or80%, or 85%, or 90%, or 95%, or 100% of the span of the blade 600 asmeasured from the root 612. In some situations, the cavity traverses aspan of the blade, from root 612 to the tip 611. The cavity has a firstend toward the root 612 and a second end toward the tip 611 of the blade600.

In some embodiments, the orifice 609 is in fluid communication with thecavity along its entire length such that air or other pressurized fluidflows within the cavity from the first end toward the second end and outof the entire length of the orifice 609. In other embodiments, theorifice 609 is blocked. In such a case, in an embodiment, air is pumpedinto the cavity such that a pressure is built up within the cavity. Theorifice is then opened to permit air to flow out of the orifice 609. Theair flowing out of the orifice 609 is then directed toward the trailingedge 613 of the blade 600 along the surface of the blade 600. However,the air flowing out of the orifice 609 is not limited to being directedalong the surface of the blade 600 toward the trailing edge 613; in somecases, air is directed out of the orifice 609 in nearly any direction toprovide virtual shaping for the blade 600, when desired.

In some situations, the orifices 610 are in fluid communication with thecavity described above or another cavity for providing air to theorifices 610. In some situations, the orifices 610 are in fluidcommunication with the cavity that is also in fluid communication withthe orifice 609. In such fashion, a fluid in the cavity is directedthrough the orifices 609 and 610 concurrently, or the orifices 609 and610 are independently opened and closed to provide the fluid out of theorifices independently. For instance, in some cases it is desirable toprovide a pressurized fluid out of orifice 609 but not the orifices 610.Alternatively, the orifices 610 are in fluid communication with adifferent cavity from that described above, which enables separate orindependent control of fluid flow out of the orifices 609 and 610.

In an embodiment, the flow of air out of the orifice 609 is synchronized(e.g., overlapping blowing profiles) with the flow of air out of theorifices 610. In another embodiment, the flow of air out of the orifice609 is asynchronous (e.g., non-overlapping blowing profiles) withrespect to the flow of air out of the orifices 610.

The orifices 609 and 610 are in fluid communication with a fluid controlsystem (see below) for providing a fluid, such as a pressurized fluid(e.g., pressurized air) out of the orifices 609 and 610. In somesituations, a pressurized fluid is provided through the orifice 609 andthe orifices 610 in an independent fashion. In an embodiment, thisenables virtual shaping for improving the aerodynamics of the blade anda braking feature for slowing or stopping the rotation of a turbinehaving the blade 600. In other situations, a pressurized fluid isprovided through the orifices 609 and 610 simultaneously.

In some embodiments, leading edge and/or trailing edge blowing providefor adjustment of an aerodynamic shape and/or pitch of a blade havingsuch leading edge and/or trailing edge blowing. In some embodiments,with the aid of leading edge and/or trailing edge blowing, the poweroutput of a turbine operatively coupled to the blade is improved by atleast about 5%, or at least about 10%, or at least about 15%, or atleast about 20%, or at least about 25%, or at least about 30%, or atleast about 35%, or at least about 40%, or at least about 45%, or atleast about 50%, or at least about 55%, or at least about 60%, or atleast about 65%, or at least about 70%, or at least about 75%, or atleast about 85%, or at least about 85%, or at least about 90%, or atleast about 95%.

In some embodiments, a blade includes one or more orifices or passagesfor providing blowing at one or more of a pressure side of the blade,suction side of the blade, the trailing edge of the blade and theleading edge of the blade. Blowing at the trailing edge or leading edgeof the blade includes directing a fluid at a location above the pressureside or suction side of the blade, or at a location in-between thepressure side and suction side at one or both of the leading edge andthe trailing edge of the blade.

In some embodiments, blown slots are provided to direct a pressurizedfluid at the trailing edge and in the direction of the pressure side ofthe blade and at an angle between about 0° and 180° with respect to asurface of the pressure side adjacent the trailing edge. In some cases,blown slots are provided to direct a pressurized fluid at the trailingedge and in the direction of the suction side of the blade and at anangle between about 0° and 180° with respect to a surface of the suctionside adjacent the trailing edge. In an embodiment, suction side blowingis provided at or adjacent the root of the blade and pressure sideblowing is provided at or adjacent the tip of the blade.

FIG. 7 shows an aft blade section 700 (such as the blade 600 of FIG. 6)having a plurality of airfoils, in accordance with an embodiment of theinvention. The blade section 700 includes a pressure side 705, suctionside 710, pressure side slot 715 and suction side slot 720. The pressureside 705 includes a pressure side surface 725 and the suction side 710includes a suction side surface 730. The slots are for providing afluid, such as a blown gas (e.g., air) or a pressurized fluid, to thepressure side 705 and suction side 710. The slots are disposed adjacenta trailing edge of the blade 700. In some situations, the slots aredisposed at a trailing edge of the blade 700. In other situations, oneor more of the slots are disposed at a predetermined distance from thetrailing edge of the blade, such as between about 0.01 m and 5 m fromthe trailing edge.

In some situations, the blade 700 includes one or more slots at thesuction side 710 of the blade 700, the one or more slots midway down thechord of the blade and toward the root of the blade. In such a case, theone or more slots are disposed between the root of the blade 700 and amid-point of the span (i.e., 50% of the span of the blade as measuredfrom either the root or tip portion). In some cases, the blade 700includes one or more slots at the pressure side 705 of the blade 700,the one or more slots disposed midway along the chord of the blade 700and toward the tip of the blade 700. In such a case, the one or moreslots are disposed between the tip of the blade 700 and the mid-point ofthe span. In some embodiments, with the root position designated by ‘R’(e.g., root 612 of FIG. 6), the tip position designated by ‘T’ (e.g.,tip 611 of FIG. 6) and the mid-point of the span designated by ‘M’(e.g., midpoint 615 of FIG. 6) (all positions taken along an axis havinga span of the blade 700), the suction side slots are disposed at (M−R)multiples of about 0.1, or 0.2, or 0.3, or 0.4, or 0.5, or 0.6, or 0.7,or 0.8, or 0.9, or 1.0 in relation to R′, and the pressure side slotsare disposed at (T−M) multiples of about 0.1, or 0.2, or 0.3, or 0.4, or0.5, or 0.6, or 0.7, or 0.8, or 0.9, or 1.0 in relation to ‘T’. In otherembodiments, the suction side and/or pressure side slots are disposed at(T−R) multiples of about 0.1, or 0.2, or 0.3, or 0.4, or 0.5, or 0.6, or0.7, or 0.8, or 0.9, or 1.0 in relation to ‘T’ (i.e., as measured fromthe tip). In other embodiments, the suction side and/or pressure sideslots are disposed at (T−R) multiples of about 0.1, or 0.2, or 0.3, or0.4, or 0.5, or 0.6, or 0.7, or 0.8, or 0.9, or 1.0 in relation to ‘R’(i.e., as measured from the root).

In some embodiments, the pressure side slot 715 is disposed in anairfoil toward a tip (or outboard) portion of the blade 700 and thesuction side slot 720 is disposed toward the inboard (or root) portionof the blade 700. In an embodiment, this permits for virtual oraerodynamic shaping of the blade 700 (including individual airfoils ofthe blade 700) during operation of a turbine or other mechanical devicehaving the blade 700. The blown slots 715 and 720 in some cases areconfigured to provide a fluid to minimize or eliminate flow separation,provide flow separation (e.g., to effect braking) and/or increase ordecrease flow circulation during use of the blade.

With continued reference to FIG. 7, a portion of the trailing edgeadjacent the pressure side slot 715 angles away from the pressure side705 toward the suction side 710, and a portion of the trailing edgeadjacent the suction side slot 720 angles away from the suction side 710toward the pressure side 705. In some cases, a portion of the trailingedge adjacent the root portion has a curvature between about 0° and180°, and a portion of the trailing edge adjacent the tip portion has acurvature between about 0° and 180°. In some embodiments, the trailingedge is round, cylindrically round, or elliptical, or includes an arch,curve, arc, or spiral. The tangentially-exiting blowing jet will in atleast some cases adhere to these curved surfaces. This aerodynamicallyturns the flow and augments the aerodynamic forces and moments acting onthe blade.

In some situations, airfoil surfaces downstream of the trailing edgeblowing slots are curved or arced on either or both of the suction sideand the pressure side. The tangential jets from the blowing slots mayremain attached to these surfaces of the suction side and the pressureside and increase or decrease the aerodynamic lift, drag, and/orpitching moment, as desired.

The blown slots 715 and 720 are in fluid communication with one or morepassageways (or conduits) for directing a fluid to the slots 715 and720. In some cases, the slots 715 and 720 are in fluid communicationwith a chamber (or cavity) in the blade 700 that is in fluidcommunication with a fluid control system for providing a pressurizedfluid to the slots 715 and 720.

In some embodiments, blowing on the suction side 710 (also “suction sideblowing” herein) has the effect of increasing lift of an airfoil and,consequently, the blade 700, while blowing on the pressure side has theeffect of reducing lift of the airfoil. In an embodiment, pressure sideblowing—i.e., providing a fluid, such as pressurized air, to thepressure side 705 of the blade 700—is used to provide a braking featureto the blade 700, which in some situations precludes the need for anadditional braking system, thus leading to considerable savings insystem and maintenance costs.

In some embodiments, pressure side blowing is used to achieve a controlsurface that is actuated almost entirely by blowing, and in some casesentirely by blowing. Such a control surface is blown to reduce the liftand in association with suction side blowing functions as a controlsystem for the blade. In some embodiments, the control surface (orcontrol section) includes between about 5% and 40%, or between about 10%and 30%, or between about 15% and 20% of the span of the blade that iscentered around the 80% span portion of the blade—i.e., 80% of the spanof the blade as measured from the root of the blade.

FIG. 8 shows an airfoil 800 of a blown blade configured for use with awind turbine, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. Theairfoil includes a web 801 and spar cap 802 for providing structuralsupport to the airfoil. The airfoil includes a cavity 803 in fluidcommunication with an orifice or slot 804 configured to direct air (orother fluid) to a trailing edge 805 at a suction side 806 of the airfoil800. The orifice 804 is in fluid communication with the suction side806.

In some situations, the orifice 804 is a slot that runs along at least aportion of a span of the blade having the airfoil 800. The orifice 804is disposed further toward a leading edge 807 of the airfoil 800 toreduce or eliminate flow separation due to thick-sectioned airfoils withlow relative twist to the incoming flow.

In some embodiments, a blade having the airfoil 800 includes an airfoil(not shown) having an orifice at a pressure side of the airfoil. In sucha case, the orifice is configured to provide pressurized air to thepressure side of the airfoil and toward the trailing edge of theairfoil.

With continued reference to FIG. 8, in some embodiments, the airfoil 800has a blade life coefficient (C_(l)) between about 1 and 6 andequivalent lift-to-drag ratio (L/Deq), or between about 1 and 200 L/Deq.In an embodiment, C_(l) is independent of the blade angle of attack. Insome situations, with C_(μ) being the blowing coefficient, ΔC_(l)/C_(μ)is greater than 1, or greater than 50, or greater than 100.

In some embodiments, the airfoil 800 includes a plurality of cavities influid communication with one or more orifices of the blade having theairfoil 800. In an embodiment, the cavities are fluid chambers in fluidcommunication with an air control system for regulating the flow of air(or other fluid) to the fluid chambers and the orifices. In anembodiment, the air control system includes one or more pumps and valves(e.g., throttle valve). In other embodiments, the airfoil 800 does nothave any cavities. In such a case, in an embodiment, the orifice 803 isin fluid communication with the air control system via one or more fluidpassages disposed within the blade having the airfoil.

Turbines

In another aspect of the invention, a system for generating power fromwind comprises a blade having a pressure side and suction side meetingat a trailing edge and leading edge, the pressure side having a pressureside surface and the suction side having a suction side surface, thepressure side surface and suction side surface for providing lift to theairfoil upon the flow of air from the leading edge to the trailing edgeand over the pressure side and suction side surfaces, the blade having asubstantially non-aerodynamic root portion. The system further includesa control system for providing aerodynamic shaping to the airfoil of thewind turbine.

In some embodiments, the non-aerodynamic or less-aerodynamicroot/inboard portion, which operates in a region of ineffectiveaerodynamic flow as flow separation or stalled flow (see above), has ashape for providing a separated flow of air (or other fluid) over theblade, including one or more airfoils of the blade. The separated flowis a highly separated flow of air (or other fluid). In such a case, theaerodynamic shaping provided by the control system decreases theseparation of the flow of air over the blade. In some situations, thisimproves the aerodynamic lift of the blade. When the flow is caused tore-attach on the blown airfoil sections, lift coefficients of at least1, or at least 5, or at least 10, or at least 15, or at least 20 areprovided. In an example, a lift coefficient of about 14.0 is provided.

FIG. 9 shows a wind turbine 900 having a first blade 901, second blade902 and third blade 903, each blade having one or more orifices (seeabove) for providing a pressurized fluid to openings or orifices (also“blown orifices” herein) at the pressure side and suction side of theblade, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. Thepressurized fluid in some cases provides aerodynamic shaping to theblades 901, 902 and 903 during use, which minimizes drag. In addition,in some situations the pressurized fluid increases drag to provide abraking function, which reduces or eliminates the rotation of the blades901, 902 and 903 about a central axis of the wind turbine 900. In somesituations, loading is shifted around each blade with the aid of acontrol system for providing a fluid to the one or more orifices in theblades. In some cases, the load(s) in the outboard section of each bladeis reduced in higher wind situations.

With continued reference to FIG. 9, each of the blades 901, 902 and 903has a non-aerodynamic or less-aerodynamic (see above) root portion.Without the application of pressurized air (or other fluid) through theblown orifices (also “blowing” herein), an individual blade of theblades 901, 902 and 903 experiences greater lift at an outboard (or tip)portion of the blade (see FIG. 9, left). For example, without blowing,the lift profile for blade 903 is such that the lift is at a maximum atthe tip of the blade and progressively decreases with increasingdistance from the tip of the blade 903 to the root of the blade 903. Theapplication of pressurized air through the blown orifices, however,provides virtual shaping to the blades 901, 902 and 903 that improvesthe aerodynamic lift at the inboard (or root) portion of each of theblades 901, 902 and 903 (see FIG. 9, right). For example, with blowing,the lift profile for blade 903 is such that the lift is increasedadjacent the root of the blade 903 and progressively decreases withincreasing distance from the root of the blade 903 to the tip of theblade 903. Further, with the aid of blowing, lift along each blade isshifted in-board (or toward the root portion of each blade) to reducestructural loading.

In some embodiments, a wind turbine comprises a blade having one or moreairfoils, the blade having a pressure side and suction side meeting at atrailing edge and leading edge, the pressure side having a pressure sidesurface and the suction side having a suction side surface, the pressureside surface and suction side surface for providing lift to the airfoilupon the flow of air from the leading edge to the trailing edge and overthe pressure side and suction side surfaces. The wind turbine furthercomprises a pneumatic control system in fluid communication with theblade for adjusting a virtual pitch of the one or more airfoils of theblade. In an embodiment, the pneumatic control system is in fluidcommunication with one or more other blades of the wind turbine.

In an embodiment, the pneumatic control system is configured to adjustthe lift of the blade by providing a pressurized fluid, such aspressurized air, to one or more openings in the blade (see above). Insome cases, the pneumatic control system is configured to adjust thelift at an airfoil at a root section of the blade.

In some embodiments, a turbine comprises a power generator and a rotoroperatively coupled to the power generator. The power generator isconfigured to generate electricity upon rotation of the rotor. In animplementation, the power generator is an induction generator and poweris generated upon the rotation of a rotor of the power generator. Theturbine further includes a plurality of blades extending radiallyoutward from the root, each individual blade of the plurality of bladescomprising a pressure side and suction side meeting at a trailing edgeand leading edge, the pressure side having a pressure side surface andthe suction side having a suction side surface, the pressure sidesurface and suction side surface for providing lift or negative lift,drag or negative drag, and positive or negative pitching moment to saidindividual blade upon the flow of air from the leading edge to thetrailing edge and over the pressure side and suction side surfaces. Atleast one of the plurality of blades includes a first opening on thepressure side surface, the first opening to provide pressurized air tothe pressure side, and/or a second opening on the suction side surface,the second opening to provide pressurized air to the suction side.

In some embodiments, the turbine includes two blades, three blades, fourblades five blades, six blades, seven blades, eight blades, nine blades,ten blades, twenty blades, or more blades. In an embodiment, the turbineis a horizontal axis turbine, in which the rotor and power generator arearranged horizontally (i.e., oriented orthogonal to the gravitationalacceleration vector), or vertical axis turbine, in which the rotor andpower generator are arranged vertically (i.e., oriented along thegravitational acceleration vector).

At least one of the plurality of blades has a substantiallynon-aerodynamic or less—aerodynamic (see above) root portion. In somesituations, the first and second openings are disposed at or adjacentthe trailing edge of the at least one of the plurality of blades.

In some embodiments, the turbine is a wind turbine configured togenerate power upon the flow of air over the plurality of blades. Inother embodiments, the turbine is configured to generate power upon theflow of a moving liquid over the plurality of blades.

The turbine further includes a fluid control system in fluidcommunication with the first and second openings. The fluid controlsystem is configured to independently provide a pressurized fluid to thefirst and second openings. In some cases, the flow rate of thepressurized fluid to each of the first and second openings isindependently selected to control the aerodynamic lift of the at leastone of the plurality of blades.

For instance, to improve the aerodynamics of the blades, the fluidcontrol system provides a pressurized fluid (e.g., pressurized air) tothe second opening at the suction side surface while reducing orterminating the flow of the pressurized fluid to first opening at thepressure side surface. To reduce the rotation of the blades or to bringthe blades to a stop, the fluid control system provides the pressurizedfluid to the first opening while reducing or terminating the flow of thepressurized fluid to the second opening. In some cases, the fluidcontrol system independently varies the flow rate of the pressurizedfluid to the first and second openings to regulate the torque output ofthe blades.

In some embodiments variable blowing is provided to alter the liftcoefficient (C_(l)) and drag coefficient (C_(d)) of the at least one ofthe plurality of blades around the rotor azimuth during rotation, whichin some cases reduces or eliminates blade wake effects on or around atower structure having the turbine. In some situations, this alsoreduces rotor bending moment on the tower.

In an embodiment, span-wise variation of a local blowing coefficient,C_(μ) (see below), out at least one of the plurality of blades producesa span-wise distribution of blade section lift and drag loadings at eachblade station (or airfoil) as desired. In some cases, C_(μ) is betweenabout 0.001 and 0.50 or more, or at least about 0.001, 0.005, 0.01,0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25, 0.3, 0.35, 0.4, 0.45, or 0.5. C_(μ) in suchcases is defined as follows:

$C_{\mu} = \frac{m_{jet}U_{jet}}{\frac{1}{2}\rho_{\infty}U_{\infty}^{2}A}$${{{Which}\mspace{14mu}{for}\mspace{14mu}{an}\mspace{14mu}{incompressible}\mspace{14mu} 2\; d\mspace{14mu}{case}\mspace{14mu}{reduces}\mspace{20mu}{to}} > C_{\mu}} = \frac{U_{jet}^{2}h_{jet}}{\frac{1}{2}U_{\infty}^{2}c}$Forward Blowing Slots

In another aspect of the invention, blades with forward blowing slotsare described. In some embodiments, a blade configured to be used in awind turbine comprises a pressure side and suction side meeting at atrailing edge and leading edge, the pressure side having a pressure sidesurface and the suction side having a suction side surface, the pressureside surface and suction side surface for providing lift to the bladeupon the flow of air from the leading edge to the trailing edge and overthe pressure side and suction side surfaces. In some cases, the pressureside and suction side at a root portion of the blade are substantiallynon-aerodynamic. The blade further comprises one or more openings at thesuction side, leading edge and/or trailing edge, the one or moreopenings directed at an angle between about 0° and 70° with respect toan axis oriented from a centerline of the blade toward the leading edge.In some embodiments, the blade comprises one or more openings at thesuction side, leading edge and/or trailing edge, the one or moreopenings configured to provide a pressurized fluid over the suction sideand towards the leading edge of the blade.

In an embodiment, the one or more openings are directed at an anglebetween about 0° and 25°, or 0° and 15° with respect to an axis orientedform a centerline of the blade toward the leading edge.

In some embodiments, a blade for use in a wind turbine comprises apressure side and suction side meeting at a trailing edge and leadingedge, the pressure side having a pressure side surface and the suctionside having a suction side surface, the pressure side surface andsuction side surface for providing lift to the blade upon the flow ofair from the leading edge to the trailing edge and over the pressureside and suction side surfaces. In some cases, the pressure side andsuction side at a root portion of the blade are substantiallynon-aerodynamic. The blade further comprises one or more forward blowingslots on the suction side. The one or more forward blowing slots areconfigured to adjust the lift and drag of the blade.

In some cases, the one or more forward blowing slots are disposed at oradjacent the trailing edge. In other cases, the one or more forwardblowing slots are disposed at or adjacent a midline of the blade. Inother cases, the one or more forward blowing slots are disposed at oradjacent the leading edge. In other cases, the one or more forwardblowing slots are disposed at various locations at or between theleading edge and/or the trailing edge. The location may be selected soas to provide a desirable control system for the wind turbine.

In an embodiment, the one or more forward blowing slots are depressed ina surface of the suction side. In another embodiment, the one or moreforward blowing slots are at or above the surface of the suction side.

In some embodiments, the blade comprises 2 or more, 3 or more, 4 ormore, 5 or more, 6 or more, 7 or more, 8 or more, 9 or more, 10 or more,20 or more, 30 or more, 40 or more, 50 or more, or 100 or more forwardblowing slots.

The use of forward blowing on the suction side (also “low pressure side”herein) of a wind turbine (including wind turbine airfoil) cause flowseparation, thereby decreasing lift and increasing drag. This may beused for power, load and safety control. The use of forward blowing canenable the control of a wind turbine rotor without the need for bladepitch. In other cases, the use of forward blowing can decrease theenergy or momentum in the boundary layer, thereby driving earlier stalland higher drag. Forward blowing can introduce volume into the boundarylayer (in the vicinity of the suction side upon the flow of air over thesuction side), thereby driving earlier stall, a larger stall wedge, andhigher drag.

In some situations, the location of forward blowing slots may beselected to provide a chord-wise location of jet reach (i.e., theeffective location of a perpendicular jet), which may be vary based onblowing pressure (or flow-rate) and volume. The chord-wise location ofjet reach, in some cases, moves forward with increasing angle of attackto provide greater effect at higher wind speeds, when it is needed fordriving power lower with increasing wind speed.

Forward blowing slots may drive airflow separation to the airfoil noseto provide low pressure (suction) side flow separation, which enablesthe rotor to be stopped without blade pitch. In some cases, thisprovides a braking feature for use with wind turbines, whichadvantageously eliminates the need for mechanical braking devices foundin at least some wind turbines currently available.

In some situations, forward blowing slots (for providing forward blowingjets) are embedded or recessed in the suction side. The blowing slots insome cases do not rise above the native airfoil contour. In other cases,the blowing slots are disposed at a surface of the suction side. Thisaids in minimizing drag and maximizing the lift-to-drag ratio (L/Deq)when not in use. Such a blade may include multiple turning louvers forlarge volume, and forward facing jet or louver covers for dragminimization when not in use.

In other situations, a blade includes multiple forward blowing slotsalong the suction side, which may aid optimizing pitch control. In anexample, a blade includes a first forward blowing slot at or adjacent atrailing edge of the blade and a second forward blowing slot at oradjacent a midline (or centerline) of the blade. In some cases, theblade includes a third forward blowing slot at or adjacent a leadingedge of the blade.

In some embodiments, forward blowing is used in conjunction with otherblowing configurations described herein. In an example, forward blowingis used in conjunction with pressure side blowing. In another example,forward blowing is used in conjunction with slots orientedperpendicularly with respect to a suction side or pressure side. Inanother example, forward blowing is used in conjunction with trailingedge blowing.

In some cases, forward blowing jets are located near trailing edge foruse at near rated turbine power, aiding in providing limited flowdisturbance and optimum L/Deq when below rated power and highly linearcontrol. In other cases, forward blowing jets are located near themidline of one or more airfoils of the blade for powerful lift controland drag creation in higher wind velocities (or speeds) up toward thecutout speed, with less blowing power requirements than more aft locatedjets. In other cases, forward blowing jets are located in the forwardsection of the airfoil (at or near the leading edge) for aiding instopping the rotor, when required, without design compromises foroperating condition control. Forward blowing jets at or near the leadingedge may decrease the time required to stop a rotor. In other cases,blades include separate emergency stop ducting in front of the bladeshear web.

FIG. 12 shows a blade with a forward blowing slot, in accordance with anembodiment of the invention. The pressure side, suction side andtrailing edge of the blade have been indicated. The forward blowing slotis a slit that runs parallel to the trailing edge. However, other shapesand configurations are possible. In an example, the forward blowing slotis a circular opening. The forward blowing slot directs a pressurizedfluid (e.g., air) away from the trailing edge and in the direction ofthe leading edge.

The forward blowing slot is oriented at an angle between about 0° and10° with respect to a surface axis (FIG. 12, top left). The surface axisis an axis parallel to a predetermined location of a surface of thesuction side at or near the forward blowing slot. The surface axis isorthogonal to a surface normal. The forward blowing slot is generallyoriented at an angle between about 0° and 90°, or 0° and 45°, or 0° and30° with respect to the surface axis. In some embodiments, oriented atan angle of at most about 45°, or 40°, or 35°, or 30°, or 25°, or 20°,or 15°, or 10°, or 9°, or 8°, or 7°, or 6°, or 5°, or 4°, or 3°, or 2°,or 1° with respect to the surface axis. The forward blowing slot is incommunication with a passageway that is in fluid communication with apneumatic control system configured to provide a pressurized fluid(e.g., air) to the forward blowing slot and over the suction side towardthe leading edge.

FIG. 13 illustrates a flow pattern over a blade having a forward blowingslot between the leading edge (LE) and the midline of the blade. Forwardblowing has effected flow separation over the suction side. The flow hassubstantially separated from the trailing edge forward to about thequarter chord of the blade. Forward facing slots at or near the leadingedge may cause flow separation farther forward (i.e., toward the leadingedge) than forward facing slots further away from the leading edge (andtoward the trailing edge).

In some embodiments, a blade includes one or more forward blowing slotsfor providing braking, and one or more blown passages (as describedabove, such as, for example, in the context of FIG. 6) for improving theeffective aerodynamic shape of a blade. In some cases, the combinationof forward blowing slots with other slot configurations provides thecapability of increasing and decreasing lift.

Turbine Systems

In another aspect of the invention, a system for generating power fromwind comprises a blade having a pressure side and suction side meetingat a trailing edge and leading edge, the pressure side having a pressureside surface and the suction side having a suction side surface, thepressure side surface and suction side surface for providing lift to theblade upon the flow of air from the leading edge to the trailing edgeand over the pressure side and suction side surfaces, the blade having asubstantially non-aerodynamic root portion. The non-aerodynamic (seeabove) root portion has a shape configured to provide a separated flowof air (or other moving fluid) over the blade. In some embodiments, theshape is as described above.

In some embodiments, the system further includes a control systemconfigured to provide aerodynamic shaping to the blade. This permits theeffective shape of the blade to be regulated when desired, such as toimprove the aerodynamic lift of the blade or to decrease the aerodynamiclift of the blade, which in some cases is used for braking. Braking isalso effected by increase in blade drag due to aerodynamic shaping. Insome cases, aerodynamic shaping provided by the control system decreasesthe separation of the flow of air over the blade, which improves theaerodynamics of the blade.

In some cases, aerodynamic shaping improves the power output of aturbine operatively coupled to the blade by at least about 5%, or atleast about 10%, or at least about 15%, or at least about 20%, or atleast about 25%, or at least about 30%, or at least about 35%, or atleast about 40%, or at least about 45%, or at least about 50%, or atleast about 55%, or at least about 60%, or at least about 65%, or atleast about 70%, or at least about 75%, or at least about 85%, or atleast about 85%, or at least about 90%, or at least about 95%.

In some embodiments, a system for providing aerodynamic shaping to ablade having one or more airfoils comprises a pneumatic control systemhaving a channel in fluid communication with one or more openings(“blown passages”) in a suction side or pressure side of the bladehaving a non-aerodynamic root portion, the pneumatic control system forproviding pressurized air to the one or more openings. In somesituations, the one or more openings are disposed between about 50% and100% of a span of the blade as measured from a root of the blade. In anembodiment, the one or more openings are disposed at and/or near atrailing edge of the blade. The system further includes a controllercommunicatively coupled to the pneumatic control system, the controllerhaving computer-executable commands for regulating the flow rate ofpressurized air to the one or more openings. In an embodiment, thepneumatic control system includes a channel in fluid communication withone or more openings in a pressure side of the blade toward a tipportion of the blade.

In some embodiments, the system includes a plurality of blades, at leastsome of which have one or more blown passages. In example, the systemincludes three blades angularly separated from one another by about 120°about a central axis. Each individual blade of the three blades includesblown passages for providing aerodynamic shaping to the individualblade. In some cases, however, a subset of the blades includes blownpassages, while the remainder of the blades do not include blownpassages. In such a case, a pitch control system is provided to regulatethe pitch of the blades without blown passages. A pneumatic controlsystem is provided to regulate the flow of air (or other fluid) toblades with blown passages, thereby regulating the aerodynamics of theblades with blown passages.

In some embodiments, a system for providing aerodynamic shaping to ablade comprises a first channel in fluid communication with a firstopening in a pressure side or suction side of the blade, the bladehaving a substantially constant chord toward a root portion of theblade. The system further includes a second channel in fluidcommunication with a second opening in the pressure side or suction sideof the blade. A fluid control system in fluid communication with thefirst and second channels provides a pressurized fluid to the first andsecond channels. In some cases, the flow rate of the pressurized fluidto each of the first and second openings is independently selected tocontrol the aerodynamic lift of the blade.

In an embodiment, the first opening is disposed at an outboard portionof the blade and the second opening is disposed at an inboard portion ofthe blade. In an example, the first opening is disposed at or near a tipportion of the blade and the second opening is disposed at or near aroot portion of the blade.

In some situations, the first and second channels are disposed in theblade. In such a case, the first and second channels are orientedspan-wise with respect to the blade—i.e., along an axis oriented from aroot of the blade to a tip of the blade. The first and second channelsare in fluid communication with the first and second openings. In othersituations, the first and second channels are in fluid communicationwith one or more cavities in the blade, which are in fluid communicationwith the first and second openings.

As described above, various configurations of openings are possible. Inan example, the first opening is at or near a root portion or tipportion of the blade and the second opening is at or near the rootportion or tip portion of the blade. The first opening in some cases isat or near a leading edge or trailing edge of the blade, or any pointin-between. The second opening in some cases is at or near a leadingedge or trailing edge of the blade, or any point in-between. In someembodiments, the first opening and/or second opening are circular, oval,elliptical, triangular, square or rectangular cross-section or partialshapes. In an example, the first opening is a slot or slit. The fluidcontrol system is operatively coupled to the first and second channels.In some situations, the fluid control system enables air to be providedto the first and second channels independent from one another. Thisenables independent control of the flow of air out of the first andsecond openings.

In some cases, the fluid control system is an air control system (orpneumatic control system) for providing pressurized air to the first andsecond channel. In other cases, the fluid control system is configuredto provide another fluid, such as an inert gas (e.g., He, Ar, N₂), tothe first and second openings.

In some embodiments, the fluid control system provides a pressurizedfluid (e.g., air) to control or regulate an effective aerodynamic shapeof the blade. With the aid of the pressurized fluid, the fluid controlsystem increases or decreases the separation of the flow of air over asuction side of the blade. The fluid control system in some casescontrols the power or torque output of the blade. In an embodiment, thefluid control system controls the power or torque output in response toan observable, such as a measured wind speed, atmospheric pressure,and/or atmospheric temperature. In some situations, the fluid controlsystem is configured to independently provide the pressurized fluid tothe first and second channels to control the effective aerodynamic shapeof the blade.

FIG. 10 shows a turbine system 1000, in accordance with an embodiment ofthe invention. The turbine system 1000 includes a wind turbine 1005having a rotor operatively coupled to a power generator (not shown). Therotor includes a plurality of blades attached to the hub. At least oneof the plurality of blades includes one or more blown passages, asdescribed above. The system 1000 includes a fluid control system 1010having one or more fluid passages in fluid communication with the one ormore blown passages. The system 1000 further include a pitch controlsystem 1015 for regulating a pitch of the blades of the wind turbine1005. In an embodiment, the pitch control system 1015 includescalibration factors for adjusting a pitch of the blades or an effectiveshape of the blades. In some embodiments, however, the pitch controlsystem 1015 is precluded if the pitch of the blades is regulated withthe aid of the fluid control system 1010 and blown passages, asdescribed herein.

In an embodiment, the fluid control system 1010 is an air control systemconfigured to provide air to the one or more blown passages. In somesituations, the air control system includes a computer system withmachine readable code to regulate the flow of air to one or more blowpassages of the system 1000. In some cases, the air control system isreferred to as a pneumatic control system.

The fluid control system 1010 is configured to direct a pressurizedfluid (e.g., air) to the one or more blown passages of the at least oneof the plurality of blades. The fluid control system 1010 adjusts apower or torque output of the at least one of the plurality of bladeshaving the one or more blown passages. In some situations, the fluidcontrol system 1010 directs another gas, such as an inert gas (e.g., Ar,He, or N₂), to the one or more blown passages. In an embodiment, thefluid control system 1010 directs pressurized air at a predeterminedpressure through one or more channels to the one or more blown passages,or to one or more cavities in fluid communication with the blownpassages.

The system 1000 includes a controller 1020 communicatively coupled tothe fluid control system 1010. The controller 1020 collects operatingdata and compares the operating data to predetermined operating norms.The controller actuates the fluid control system 1010 to urgepressurized air into blow passages at a variable air flow rate. In somecases, the variable flow rate is based upon the comparison between theoperating data and predetermined operating norms. Control of thepressurized air aids in controlling of the extraction of power from thewind flowing through a swept area of the wind turbine.

In some cases, the controller 1020 measures operating data and adjustssystem inputs to regulate power output and/or structural loads on thewind turbine 1005 at predetermined operating wind conditions. The system1000 may include at least one instrument 1025 coupled to the windturbine 1005 that measures the operating data (also “observable”herein). The operating data are selected from various inputs, such aswind velocity, wind temperature, due point, and pressure (e.g.,atmospheric pressure). The instrument 1025 is communicatively coupled tothe controller 1015.

In an embodiment, the controller 1020 collects operating data from theinstrument 1025 and compares the operating data to predeterminedoperating norms. The controller 1020 actuates the fluid control system1010 to regulate the pitch and/or an effective shape of the blade basedupon the comparison of the operating data and predetermined operatingnorms.

The system 1000 further includes a stand (tower) with a base, a free endand a stand axis (not shown). The wind turbine 1005 is supported by thestand. The base is secured to a support surface. The wind turbine 1005includes a drive shaft (or rotor) having a drive shaft axis upon whichthe drive shaft rotates. The drive shaft is secured adjacent the freeend of the stand and is rotatable about the stand axis. At least oneblade is secured to the drive shaft and includes a first end, a secondend and a passageway (or duct) extending from the first end toward thesecond end. In an example, the duct extends from the root section of theblade to the tip section of the blade. At least one slot is incommunication with the duct and extends along a surface of the blade.The at least one slot is disposed adjacent a trailing edge of the blade.In some situations, at least one slot is disposed adjacent a leadingedge of the blade. In some situations, at least one slot is disposed inbetween the trailing and leading edge of the blade. The fluid controlsystem 1010 is in communication with the duct and the slots of theblade. One or more valves enable the fluid control system 1010 andcontroller 1020 to regulate the flow of pressurized air (or other fluid)out of the slots of the blade independent from one another. Such valves,for example, enable the fluid control system 1010 and controller 1020 toregulate the flow of air out of one or more leading edge orifices of theblade independent from the flow of air out of one or more trailing edgeorifices of the blade.

In some embodiments, the fluid control system 1010 and controller 1020are collectively referred to as a control system 1030 of the system1000. In some situations the control system 1030 includes the instrument1025.

In an embodiment, the controller 1020 includes one or more computers,including a central processing unit (CPU) and electronic storagecomponents (e.g., cache, memory, hard disk) for controlling the fluidcontrol system 1010 with the aid of machine readable,computer-executable commands included in the controller 1020. Suchmachine readable commands may be stored on a physical storage component(hard disk, cache, memory) of the controller 1020.

In some situations, the fluid control system 1010 adjusts a virtualshape of one or more airfoils of one or more blades of the wind turbine1005 in fluid communication with the fluid control system 1010. Forexample, by directing pressurized air to the blown passages, the fluidcontrol system 1010 adjusts a separation of a flow of air from theleading edge to the trailing edge. The fluid control system 1010 adjustsa turning of the flow of air from the leading edge to the trailing edgeof the at least one blade having the one or more blown passages. Inembodiments, this is accomplished by providing a pressurized fluid tothe blown passages, such as by providing the pressurized fluid to thesuction side. During use, the fluid control system 1010 is configured toincrease or decrease a turning of the flow of air form the leading edgeto the trailing edge, thereby increasing or decreasing the lift causedby the flow of air from the leading edge to the trailing edge.

In some situations, the fluid control system 1010, upon direction fromthe controller 1020, provides pulsed air to the one or more blownpassages of the wind turbine 1005. In an embodiment, the pulsed air hasa pulse duration up to an including about 0.001 seconds, 0.01 seconds,or 0.1 seconds, or 1 minute, or 2 minutes, or 3 minutes, or 4 minutes,or 5 minutes, or 6 minutes, or 7 minutes, or 8 minutes, or 9 minutes, or10 minutes, or 15 minutes, or 30 minutes, or 45 minutes, or 1 hour, or 2hours, or 3 hours, or 5 hours, or 6 hours, or 7 hours, or 8 hours, or 9hours, or 10 hours, or 11 hours, or 12 hours, or 1 day, or 2 days, or 3days, or 4 days, or 5 days, or 6 days, or 1 week, or 2 weeks, or 3 weeksor 1 month, or 2 months, or 3 months, or 4 months, or 5 months, or 6months, or 1 year. In an embodiment, a pulse pressure of the pulsed airis selected to effect a desired flow rate of pulse air out of the one ormore blown passages. In some embodiments, the pulse pressure of thepulsed air is at least about 0.000001 atmospheres (“atm”), or 0.00001atm, or 0.0001 atm, or 0.001 atm, or 0.01 atm, or 0.1 atm, 1 atm, or 2atm, or 3 atm, or 4 atm, or 5 atm, or 10 atm, or 20 atm, or 30 atm, or40 atm, or 50 atm, or 100 atm. The pulse duration and/or pulse pressureare selectable to effect a predetermined or desirable aerodynamicshaping of the blade, as described above.

Centrifugal Blowing

The rotation of a blade during operation of a wind turbine can generatea flow of air at or near the root of the blade. In some situations,passages with valves are provided at the root of the blade for enablingair to enter a plenum of the blade from the root and subsequently out offorward blowing slots. This can aid in reducing the rotation of theblade and thus provide a braking motion. In some cases, directing airfrom an opening at the root of the blade to a forward blowing slot(i.e., slot configured to provide air toward the leading edge of theblade) is referred to as centrifugal blowing.

In an aspect of the invention, blades are provided with the ability tocontrol lift via centrifugal blowing. In some embodiments, there is noauxiliary blower and all of the pumping for forwards blowing comes fromthe rotation of the wind turbine blade and the subsequent pressuredistribution that forms within the blade. The rotation of the blade willbuild pressure towards the tip of the blade as it rotates. In the caseof the forwards blowing slots located on the low pressure (or suctionside) of the blade in communication with the interior of the blade, thepressure created by the rotation of the turbine blade is significantlyhigher than the pressure outside of the slots and airflow from the bladeinterior out of the slot will exist. In some situations, this airflowwill manifest itself at all span-wise locations along the blade, and auser may select the amount of the span covered by the one or moreforwards blowing slots. The flow that feeds the interior of the bladeand subsequently exits the slots can come from an orifice located at thevery root of the blade. This orifice can have a flow control valve suchthat the flow of air into the blade can be reduced or shut off such thatthere is little to no flow into the blade interior and therefore no flowout of the forwards blowing slots. A schematic of this system is shownin FIG. 14. The arrows show the direction of centrifugally driven flow,in which air flows from a root portion of the blade and into an airchamber of the blade through an orifice having a flow control valve. Thecentrifugally driven flow is generated from the rotation of the bladeduring the operation of the wind turbine.

As forwards blowing is required to provide rotor control this flowcontrol valve can be opened by varying degrees to allow air to flow intothe blade interior. The amount of flow that is allowed to enter theblade interior will control the amount of flow that exist the forwardsbowing slots. The centrifugally driven system is not restricted tosolely forwards facing slots, but can be used to provide air to anyorifice located in the blade. Centrifugal blowing may enable powergeneration control with forwards blowing slots (see FIG. 15 and theaccompanying text).

In some embodiments, a blade includes turning vanes within a passagewayof the forward blowing slots that remove the spanwise component of flowwithin the slots such that flow emerging from the slots is predominantlychordwise. In some cases, a blade includes turning vanes thatstructurally connect a portion of a blade shell on one side of a forwardblowing slot (such as toward the leading edge) with a portion of theblade shell on another side of the forward blowing slot (such as towardthe trailing edge). This may enable the blade to accurately hold thedimensions of the forward blowing slot to predetermined design values.For example, a blade includes turning vanes that structurally connectthe blade shell ahead of the forward blowing (jet) slot with the bladeshell aft of the jet slot.

The actual velocity of air that is achieved with centrifugal blowing, insome cases, is the same as the rotation speed of the wind turbine. Theinventors have realized that, unexpectedly, directing centrifugal blownair into a root portion of the wind turbine can generate sufficientpressure to force air out of a forward blown slot without the need forcompressed air, at a velocity that is sufficiently high to affect theaerodynamic performance of that airfoil section. The location of theforwards blowing slot at a chordwise position such that the localpressure outside of the slot is lower than the pressure caused bycentrifugal action can enable significant jet velocities to be achieved.In some cases, the benefits of forward blowing can be realized with onlycentrifugal blowing and without the need for additional blowing, such asblowing using compressed air. In other cases, however, forwards blowingcan be provided with centrifugal blowing in conjunction with pressurizedair provided via a compressor.

FIG. 25 schematically illustrates a turbine blade with a forward blowingslot near the leading edge of the blade, in accordance with anembodiment of the invention.

FIG. 20 shows a blade with a forward blowing slot and two plenums. Eachof the plenums is in fluid communication with a portion of the forwardblowing slot. The blade of FIG. 20 can provide independent control offorwards blowing by regulating the flow of air into and out of theindividual plenums. During operation, air is supplied into a plenum andsubsequently out of a portion of the forward blowing slot.

In some embodiments, the flow of air out of a forward blowing slot isregulated by controlling the flow of air into a plenum. For instance,the flow of air out of the forward blowing slot of FIG. 14 is regulatedby opening and closing (or partially opening) the flow control valve.The forward blowing slot can include a backflow prevention valve forpreventing or minimizing the flow of air from the suction side into theplenum of the blade.

In some embodiments, centrifugal blowing is used with blades that arenon-aerodynamic, as described herein.

Methods for Forming Blades

In another aspect of the invention, a method for forming a bladecomprises pultruding a composite material through a blade die to form ablade having a pressure side and suction side meeting at a leading edgeand trailing edge and extending from a root portion to a tip portion ofthe blade. The die is shaped such that the root portion of the pultrudedblade is substantially non-aerodynamic. In some situations, thecomposite material is pultruded through the blade die to form the blade.

Next a portion of the suction side is removed. This provides for a spaceto form one or more openings for blown passages (or openings) of theblade. In some cases, the removed portion of the suction side is at thetrailing or leading edge of the suction side.

Next, the removed portion is replaced with a suction side member havingone or more fluid passages configured to provide a pressurized fluid(e.g., air) to a surface of the suction side. The one or more fluidpassages are configured to be in fluid communication with a fluidcontrol system, as described above. The suction side member is securedto the blade with the aid of one or more fastening members (e.g.,screws) or a polymeric material, such as an epoxy.

In some embodiments, a portion of the pressure side is then removed. Theremoved portion of the pressure side is at the trailing or leading edgeof the pressure side. The removed portion of the pressure side isreplaced with a pressure side member having one or more fluid passagesfor providing pressurized air to a surface of the pressure side. Thepressure side member is secured to the blade with the aid of one or morefastening members (e.g., screws) or a polymeric material, such as anepoxy.

In other embodiments, a blade is formed by pultrusion. FIG. 11 shows aspan-wise thickness distribution (or profile) for a 40 m blade, inaccordance with an embodiment of the invention. In an embodiment, theblade of FIG. 11 is formed by pultrusion by directing a nascent bladematerial (e.g., fiber, composite material) through a die and heat sourcewith the aid of a pull mechanism. The nascent blade material has aconstant cross-section. In some embodiments, the nascent blade materialis pulled through a resin and, in some cases, followed by a separatepreforming system. The nascent blade material is then directed into aheated die, where the nascent blade material undergoes polymerization toform a blade material.

In an embodiment, the nascent blade material comprises one or moremonomeric subunits that are configured to react to form a polymericmaterial. In an embodiment, the blade material includes one or morematerials selected from the group consisting of polyester, polyurethane,vinylester and epoxy.

Pultrusion advantageously permits the formation of substantially uniformfibers, which aids in increased material strength, particularlycompression and fatigue strength. For the curvature of the blade of FIG.11, the resulting induced strain of the blade is less that 50 microstrain units at its maximum for about a one inch by on inch squarepultrusion. The thickness distribution of FIG. 11 allows a constantnumber of square pultrusions to be used, from about 10 m to 22 m.

Backflow Control Valves

In another aspect of the invention, spanwise backflow prevention valvesare provided. Spanwise backflow prevention valves can be used withforward blowing slots to mitigate or eliminate air being drawn in andexpelled out of regions of differing pressure along the slot length. Insome cases, backflow prevention valves prevent or minimize air fromentering a blade (such as an air chamber of the blade) from a suctionside through a forward blowing, slot. This phenomenon may occur when theair supply duct is sealed off at the root end and is a result of thevarying pressure distribution present along the length of the blowingslots. This pressure distribution along with the common ductconfiguration in its sealed state (where the pressure inside the duct isno longer higher than the pressure outside the blowing slots at allpoints) may result in some regions of the blowing span to pressurize theduct with respect to others, thereby allowing blowing to occur even withthe duct sealed off.

Under normal operating conditions where the plenum is open at the rootand pressurized due to centrifugal and or blower pumping, the plenumpressure is above the exit pressures of the slots at all points and thecheck valves open to allow the slots to blow air as intended. As soon asthe plenum is closed, the pressure can drop and the check valves canseal anywhere there is a negative pressure differential between theplenum and slot exit, preventing the plenum from being fed by the slots.

In some embodiments, the backflow prevention valves are flapper typeelastomeric check valves assembled onto a removable card incorporatedinto the forward blowing slot assemblies near the jet exit point, asshown in FIG. 16. The valve card is removable once the upper surface ofthe slot is detached facilitating maintenance and inspection (FIG. 17).Locating the valves near the jet exit minimizes the spanwise crosssection still available in front of the valves. The inboardimplementation of the backflow prevention valves versus a flexible tipseal on the upper surface of the slot prevents the seal from impactingthe slot exit geometry under varying pressures. It also allows for amore robust material to be used due to the much larger area availableinside the slot assembly.

FIG. 20 shows a turbine blade with dual air delivery plenums (top) thatare in fluid communication with a forwards blowing slot. The forwardsblowing slot, as shown, is a slit oriented span-wise. The forwardsblowing slots directs air over a suction side of the blade and towards aleading edge of the blade. The dual air delivery plenums (or chambers)are in fluid communication with fluid control valves (FIG. 20, bottom).The blade of FIG. 20 does not include structural baffles to form theplenums, which aids in minimizing processing costs. Existing structuralmembers in the blade can also be used to form blade plenums. The forwardblowing slot can include backflow valves for preventing the flow of airthrough the forward blowing slot into the plenums. The blade of FIG. 20may be used with centrifugal blowing, in which case the openings of theplenums at the root can include valves for regulating the flow of airinto the plenums and out of the forward blowing slots.

In some embodiments, a blade with forward blowing slots can have atleast 1, or 2, or 3, or 4, or 5, or 6, or 7, or 8, or 9, or 10, or 20,or 30, or 40, or 50, or 100 fluid (e.g., air) delivery plenums (orchambers). Each plenum is in fluid communication with a flow controlvalve or a plurality of valves for regulating the flow of fluid into theplenum.

Blades provided herein, such as the blade of FIGS. 14 and 20, caninclude pressure sensors for regulating the pressure of fluid (e.g.,air) within various chambers of the blades. In an example, the pressuresensors can help regulate pressure of fluid in the plenums of the bladeof FIG. 20, thereby aiding in regulating the flow of fluid out of theforward blowing slots of the blade.

Pitch Scheduling for High Bandwidth Blowing Control

Forward blowing (i.e., directing a fluid, such as air, towards theleading edge of a blade) technology can provide high bandwidth controlof rotor power and thrust, allowing the majority of rotor controlfunctions to be performed by forward blowing rather than traditionalpitching. The significant control authority coupled with low inertiacontrol valves and rapid aerodynamic response allows forward blowing tohave drastically reduced actuation times compared to traditionalpitching methods. This control authority offers the additional benefitof a virtually limitless duty cycle. While forward blowing possessesconsiderable control authority, there are compelling reasons why a lowbandwidth pitch controller working in unison with a high bandwidthforward blowing system is advantageous, such as, for example: retentionof emergency shutdown and parking features; ability to “trim” or centerthe forward blowing control envelope around rated power; reduction inmean thrust loads due to base pitch; additional (redundant) aerodynamicbrake; extension of forward blowing control authority all the way tocutout.

The pitch control system can be significantly slower than a traditionalsetup due to the relaxation of the response rate. This may haveimplications in terms of cost and upkeep of the system, since its dutycycle will be minimal. In some cases, the pitch control can becomeactive above rated system operational guidelines, and will provide a lowbandwidth base pitch setting which scales with varying rotor conditions,around which forward blowing will control rotor output at a much higherbandwidth. The pitch controller serves to optimize the control envelopeof forward blowing, as well as to provide certain shutdown and ancillaryfunctions.

The advantages of forward blowing technology in a rotor controlapplication are rooted in the ability to vary rotor aerodynamicproperties rapidly as compared to a traditional pitch control system.The mechanical components required to operate a forward blown rotorcontrol system are orders of magnitude lighter than their pitchcontrolled counterparts, in some cases allowing high bandwidth operationthat may be unconstrained by duty cycle concerns. A set of one or morecontrol valves can regulate the delivery of air to the forward controlsections, with the total system response largely dependent on the valveresponse and aerodynamic setup time. Forward blown “sections” may beconsidered to be the activated part of a continuous slot, orindividually controlled slots fed by a multi-plenum design. Anotherfactor related to the velocity of propagation of the pressure pulse downthe length of the delivery plenum can be considered in larger blades,but is largely dominated by the mechanical and aerodynamic responses.Control valves may be placed further along the blade span to shorten thepropagation time, if it is necessary or advantageous for larger blades.

A representative plot of the response to an equivalent step disturbancefor forward blowing versus pitch control is shown in FIG. 21. Theresponse of the forward blowing system was modeled using representativecontrol valve characteristics along with allowances for aerodynamicsetup time and pressure pulse propagation. The pitch control systemparameters were taken from models of turbines in this class.

Pitch scheduling in the context of forward blowing involves theapplication of a base pitch or “trim” setting that allows the controlenvelope of the forward blowing system to be optimized for a given rotorcondition. The application of the pitch schedule can be slow incomparison to the forward blowing response, which is responsible forrotor control around each base pitch setting. As the wind speedincreases or decreases, a varying amount of base pitch may be requiredto optimize the control envelope of forward blowing. The result of anoptimal pitch schedule can be seen in FIG. 22, where the forward blowncontrol envelope is centered on the turbines rated power. The excursionsfrom rated as depicted by the error bars are derived from field data,and demonstrate the large power variance experienced by the turbineunder pitch only control. It can be seen that these excursions fall wellwithin the control envelope of the forward blowing system with theapplication of a base pitch schedule. The rapid response of the blowingtechnology will allow a dramatic reduction in these power variations, aswell as tower and blade loads.

A pitch schedule is presented in FIG. 23, where the steps in pitch areintended to demonstrate that the pitch controller is not required torapidly track changes in wind speed, only to periodically adjust theforward blowing control envelope.

In some embodiments, forward blowing involves the use of multipleblowing regions which can be independently controlled. In thisconfiguration the forward blowing sections can be activated andcontrolled independently, such as through the use of separate deliveryplenums running the span of the blade. Activating a forward blowingsection in this context involves taking the airfoil section out of apassive aerodynamic state by providing a controllable mass flux throughthe jet slots, such as via root mounted valves. After the desired rotorcontrol function has been performed, the control valves can terminatethe flow through the jet slots, placing the airfoil section back into apassive state.

An advantage of this type of configuration is the ability to load shiftinboard by preferentially activating the forward blowing sections at thetip of the blade, progressing inboard until the desired rotor responseis observed. The outermost sections have the largest impact on rootbending moments, and as such are activated first in response to changingrotor conditions. Once a transient event has passed and the forwardblowing is required to increase rotor power, sections are deactivated inthe opposite order, again in an effort to shift load to the inboardregions (see FIG. 24).

There are many possible control schemes which can be applied to a rotorwith independently controlled forward blowing sections, just one ofwhich is outlined above. It may be advantageous to adopt differentcontrol techniques under differing rotor conditions. Current controlinputs include strain gauge data in addition to more typical controlvariables (e.g., power, wind speed). Strain gauge may provide rapidfeedback on the turbine status, which, coupled with a high bandwidthblowing control, may provide highly efficient load mitigation.

Example 1

FIG. 15 shows an example of the level of power generation control thatcan be achieved with forwards blowing slots. The plot shows the baselineblade power generation and the power generation for the blade withoperating forwards blowing slots located at the mid chord position ofthe airfoil from about 55% to 90% span of the wind turbine blade. Twoblowing conditions are shown, one with centrifugally powered blowingalone and one with the air to the forwards blowing slot provided by acombination of an auxiliary blowing system (e.g., 6 kilowatt powerconsumption) in combination with the centrifugally powered component. Itcan be seen that significant control (i.e., power reduction) can beachieved with centrifugally driven forwards blowing slots and that theaddition of an auxiliary blower can be used to extend the level of powerreduction. In some cases, with the use of the forwards blowing slots(and air or other gas provided by the slots) the turbine has no need forpitch until a higher wind speed, as it is below the power that it israted to generate. Therefore, the forwards blowing system can delay theonset of pitching until a higher wind speed and drastically reduce theduty cycle of a pitch system.

Example 2

A valve implementation for use in a wind turbine forward blowing slotuses a 0.020″ silicone flap mounted to an aluminum frame with roomtemperature vulcanization (RTV) silicone adhesive and spring steelretaining strips (FIG. 19). The valve card is retained in the slotinsert using a channel through the trailing edges of the turning vanesand into the lower surface of the insert. Installation of the uppersurface fully retains the valve card, as, can be seen in FIG. 18.

Systems and methods provided herein are combinable with, or modifiableby, other systems and methods, such as, for example, systems and/ormethods described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,940,185 to Andersen et al.(“ADVANCED AERODYNAMIC CONTROL SYSTEM FOR A HIGH OUTPUT WIND TURBINE”);U.S. Patent Publication No. 2010/0143122 to Nies et al. (“ACTIVE FLOWCONTROL SYSTEM FOR WIND TURBINE”); U.S. Pat. No. 5,106,265 to A. Holzem(“WIND-TURBINE WING WITH A PNEUMATICALLY ACTIVATED SPOILER”); U.S. Pat.No. 4,197,053 to E. Reinke (“AIR DRIVEN PROPELLER”); U.S. Pat. No.4,504,192 to Cyrus et al. (“JET SPOILER ARRANGEMENT FOR WIND TURBINE”);U.S. Pat. No. 7,344,360 to Wetzel (“WIND TURBINE ROTOR BLADE WITHIN-PLANE SWEEP AND DEVICES USING SAME, AND METHODS FOR MAKING SAME”);U.S. Patent Publication No. 2010/0143146 to Bell et al. (“FLATBACKINSERT FOR TURBINE BLADES”); GB 02186033A to Somerville; U.S.Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/442,761, filed on Feb. 14,2011; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/185,459 (“TURBINE BLADES,SYSTEMS AND METHODS”); U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No.61/453,941, filed on Mar. 17, 2011; and U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 61/509,069, filed on Jul. 18, 2011 (“TURBINES WITHINTEGRATED COMPRESSORS AND POWER GENERATORS”), which are entirelyincorporated herein by reference.

Although in some situations the aerodynamics of a non-aerodynamic bladeis improved with the aid of pneumatic blowing, in alternativecircumstances, the aerodynamics are improved by drawing a vacuum throughone or more slots on the pressure side, suction side, leading edgeand/or trailing edge of the blade. The vacuum may be drawn with the aidof one or more pumps. The blown slots in such circumstances may bereferred to as “vacuum slots.”

Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, throughout thedescription and the claims, the words ‘comprise,’ ‘comprising,’ and thelike are to be construed in an inclusive sense as opposed to anexclusive or exhaustive sense; that is to say, in a sense of ‘including,but not limited to.’ Words using the singular or plural number alsoinclude the plural or singular number respectively. Additionally, thewords ‘herein,’ ‘hereunder,’ ‘above,’ ‘below,’ and words of similarimport refer to this application as a whole and not to any particularportions of this application. When the word ‘or’ is used in reference toa list of two or more items, that word covers all of the followinginterpretations of the word: any of the items in the list, all of theitems in the list and any combination of the items in the list.

It should be understood from the foregoing that, while particularimplementations have been illustrated and described, variousmodifications may be made thereto and are contemplated herein. It isalso not intended that the invention be limited by the specific examplesprovided within the specification. While the invention has beendescribed with reference to the aforementioned specification, thedescriptions and illustrations of embodiments of the invention hereinare not meant to be construed in a limiting sense. Furthermore, it shallbe understood that all aspects of the invention are not limited to thespecific depictions, configurations or relative proportions set forthherein which depend upon a variety of conditions and variables. Variousmodifications in form and detail of the embodiments of the inventionwill be apparent to a person skilled in the art. It is thereforecontemplated that the invention shall also cover any such modifications,variations and equivalents.

What is claimed is:
 1. An airfoil comprising: a pressure side andsuction side meeting at a trailing edge and a leading edge, the pressureside having a pressure side surface and the suction side having asuction side surface, the pressure side surface and the suction sidesurface providing lift to the airfoil upon flow of air from the leadingedge to the trailing edge and over the pressure side surface and thesuction side surface; and one or more openings at the suction side, theone or more openings each at an angle between about 0 degrees and 70degrees with respect to a surface axis that is parallel to the suctionside surface at or near a location of the opening, where 0 degrees withrespect to the surface axis points along the suction side surface of theairfoil towards the leading edge, wherein the one or more openingsprovide a pressurized fluid such that a majority of the pressurizedfluid flows towards the leading edge of the airfoil along the suctionside surface of the airfoil before separating away from the airfoil. 2.The airfoil of claim 1, wherein the one or more openings are at an anglebetween about 0 degrees and 45 degrees with respect to the surface axis.3. The airfoil of claim 1, wherein the one or more openings are orientedat an angle between about 0 degrees and 70 degrees with respect to acenterline axis of the airfoil, the centerline axis being a line fromthe trailing edge of the airfoil to the leading edge of the airfoil. 4.The airfoil of claim 1, wherein the one or more openings are disposed ator adjacent to a midline of the airfoil.
 5. The airfoil of claim 1,wherein the one or more openings are disposed between the leading edgeof the airfoil and a midline of the airfoil.
 6. The airfoil of claim 1,wherein the one or more openings are disposed between a midline of theairfoil and the trailing edge of the airfoil.
 7. The airfoil of claim 1,wherein the airfoil is coupled to a device and affects a fluid dynamicforce acting upon at least a portion of the device, wherein the fluiddynamic force is selected from a group consisting of an aerodynamicforce or a hydrodynamic force.
 8. An airfoil comprising: a pressure sideand suction side meeting at a trailing edge and a leading edge, thepressure side having a pressure side surface and the suction side havinga suction side surface, the pressure side surface and the suction sidesurface providing lift to the airfoil upon flow of air from the leadingedge to the trailing edge and over the pressure side surface and thesuction side surface; and one or more forward blowing slots on thesuction side, said one or more forward blowing slots for adjusting thelift and drag of the airfoil by providing a pressurized fluid such thata majority of the pressurized fluid flows towards the leading edge ofthe airfoil along the suction side surface of the airfoil before leavingthe suction side surface of the airfoil.
 9. The airfoil of claim 8,wherein the one or more forward blowing slots are depressed in thesuction side surface.
 10. The airfoil of claim 8, wherein the one ormore forward blowing slots are above the suction side surface.
 11. Theairfoil of claim 8, wherein an orifice of each of the one of moreforward blowing slots is disposed along the suction side surface. 12.The airfoil of claim 8, wherein the airfoil includes two or more forwardblowing slots.
 13. The airfoil of claim 8, wherein the one or moreforward blowing slots are disposed between a 20 percent location and an80 percent location along a chord line of the airfoil.
 14. The airfoilof claim 8, wherein the one or more forward blowing slots are disposedat or adjacent to at least one of a plurality of edges of the airfoil,the plurality of edges comprising the leading edge and the trailingedge.
 15. The airfoil of claim 8, wherein the one or more forwardblowing slots are disposed at or adjacent to a midline of the airfoil.16. The airfoil of claim 8, wherein the one or more forward blowingslots are disposed between the leading edge and the trailing edge of theairfoil.
 17. A system comprising: an airfoil coupled to a device,wherein the airfoil affects a fluid dynamic force acting upon at least aportion of the device, wherein the airfoil includes: a pressure side andsuction side meeting at a trailing edge and a leading edge, the pressureside having a pressure side surface and the suction side having asuction side surface, the pressure side surface and the suction sidesurface for providing lift to the airfoil upon flow of air from theleading edge to the trailing edge and over the pressure side surface andthe suction side surface, and one or more openings at the suction sideof the airfoil, the one or more openings configured to provide apressurized fluid such that a majority of the pressurized fluid flowstowards the leading edge of the airfoil along the suction side surfaceof the airfoil before being directed away from the airfoil.
 18. Thesystem of claim 17, wherein the device is a wind turbine.
 19. The systemof claim 17, wherein the device is an aircraft.
 20. The system of claim17, wherein the device is an automobile.